Throughout history, certain gemstones have captivated humanity with their beauty, rarity, and the lore surrounding them. Among these, the sapphire stands out as a stone of profound significance, deeply interwoven with mythology, religion, and royal tradition. As the birthstone for September, and historically linked to other months as well, the sapphire’s journey from ancient reverence to modern adornment is a fascinating tale. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and enduring appeal of this celebrated gemstone, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The name “sapphire” itself reveals a rich history, originating from the ancient Greek word “sappheiros,” referring not to the blue gem we know today, but to the island of Sappherine where early examples were found. The Latin “sapphirus” simply meant blue. This early association with blue is significant, as the Greeks and Romans often used the term to describe lapis lazuli, a different stone altogether.
In ancient Greece, sapphires were closely linked to the god Apollo, the deity of prophecy. Worshipers seeking Apollo’s guidance wore sapphires when visiting his shrine, believing the gem facilitated connection to the divine. The ancient Persians held an even more grandiose view, believing the earth rested upon an enormous sapphire, its reflection giving the sky its color – thus earning it the title “celestial stone.”
The sapphire’s prominence continued into the Middle Ages, where it was considered a conduit to oracles and was one of the few gemstones permitted in the adornment of holy jewelry. Priests wore sapphires to ward off impure thoughts and temptations, and the stone was believed to protect against harm, envy, infidelity, and even snakes, ensuring safe travels. It was regarded as a symbol of truth and sincerity, representing a pure soul.
More recently, the sapphire has become synonymous with royalty and enduring love. Princess Diana’s iconic sapphire engagement ring, now worn by Kate Middleton, exemplifies this association. The ring itself was chosen by Diana because it reminded her of her mother’s ring, further cementing the sapphire’s connection to familial bonds and cherished memories. The largest known sapphire, the Star of India, weighing 563.35 carats, was discovered in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and held significant importance during British colonial rule.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. This makes them closely related to rubies, which are also corundum but colored red by the presence of chromium. Sapphires exhibit a wide range of colors, from the most prized deep cornflower blue to shades of gray, yellow, pale pink, green, orange, and violet. Colorless sapphires also exist. The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, is responsible for the varying hues.
While sapphires are found in various locations globally, specific regions are renowned for their quality and abundance. Historically, sapphires were sourced from the island of Sappherine in Greece. Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, has long been a significant source, particularly for the Star of India. Other notable sources include Australia, Thailand, and Madagascar.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are highly valued for their durability and beauty. They rank 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, second only to diamonds, making them exceptionally resistant to scratching and abrasion. This durability makes them ideal for everyday wear in jewelry.
The chemical formula for sapphire is Al₂O₃. The gem’s color varies based on the presence of trace elements, with deep blue stones being the most sought after. Naturally occurring deep blue sapphires are rare and command high prices. Sapphires are a form of the mineral beryl, which also includes emerald, morganite, and heliodor.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient Romans associated sapphires with love and hope, while in the Orient, they were known as the “anchor of hope.” Arabian cultures believed sapphires fell from the sky in flashes of lightning, attributing to them the power of invisibility, making them favored by spies and thieves.
Medieval beliefs surrounding sapphires were complex. Initially, the stone was thought to indicate the wearer’s health through changes in color, and to keep the heart healthy, protect against infection, and prevent fainting. However, during the Black Death, the sapphire’s reputation suffered as it was wrongly blamed for causing the plague, with its color believed to fade upon a person’s death – a change actually caused by temperature sensitivity.
Modern interpretations of sapphire symbolism lean towards increased spirituality, restful sleep, pleasant dreams, safer travel, and repelling negativity. The stone is often considered a symbol of security, sincerity, and peace of mind.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their exceptional hardness, sapphires are relatively easy to care for. They can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or heat-treated. Regular cleaning will help maintain the sapphire’s brilliance and luster.
Conclusion
The sapphire’s enduring appeal stems from its captivating beauty, remarkable durability, and rich historical and symbolic significance. From its ancient association with prophecy and royalty to its modern representation of love and commitment, the sapphire continues to hold a special place in the hearts of gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. Its celestial hue and enduring strength make it a truly remarkable and treasured gemstone.