The tradition of birthstones—assigning specific gemstones to each month of the year—has a rich and complex history rooted in ancient lore and evolving modern standards. These gemstones are not just beautiful adornments but also carry cultural, symbolic, and even metaphysical meanings. While the concept of birthstones can be traced back thousands of years, it was not until the 20th century that a standardized list emerged to guide the jewelry industry. Over time, these lists have been modified to reflect the availability of gemstones, shifting aesthetic preferences, and advancements in gemology.
This article delves into the true birthstones by month as defined in both traditional and modern contexts, exploring their origins, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and how they have evolved to meet contemporary tastes and market demands. The discussion will also highlight the role of professional organizations in standardizing these lists and the reasons behind the changes that have occurred over time.
History and Lore
The concept of birthstones can be traced back to biblical times, where the 12 gemstones on Aaron’s breastplate are believed to represent the 12 tribes of Israel. This tradition, mentioned in the Book of Exodus, is the earliest known reference to the symbolic use of gemstones in association with identity and spiritual communication. These ancient stones were thought to possess divine powers and were used by Aaron to connect with God and the people of Israel.
Over time, the use of gemstones for spiritual and protective purposes spread across different cultures. The ancient Greeks, for example, associated certain gemstones with the moon and planets, believing them to influence human affairs. In medieval Europe, gemstones were often used as talismans, thought to provide protection or enhance specific traits, such as courage or love.
The concept of assigning gemstones to each month of the year, however, was formalized in the 20th century. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers (now known as Jewelers of America) established a modern list of birthstones for each month. This was a significant milestone in the standardization of birthstones, as it provided a reference for jewelers and consumers alike. The list was later updated in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America and again in 2016, when the American Gem Trade Association added spinel to the list of August birthstones.
Despite the modernization of birthstone lists, many people still refer to the traditional or ancient lists, which include stones like bloodstone, sardonyx, and turquoise. These stones, while less fashionable in modern jewelry, hold historical and cultural significance and are still valued by some for their symbolic and metaphysical properties.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each birthstone is formed through unique geological processes and can be found in various locations around the world. The gemological properties of each stone—such as hardness, color, and refractive index—determine its suitability for jewelry and its durability in everyday wear. The following is a summary of the geological and source information for the modern birthstones as defined by the National Association of Jewelers.
January: Garnet
Garnet is a group of minerals with similar crystal structures but varying chemical compositions. The most common type of garnet is almandine, which is typically dark red in color. Garnets are found in metamorphic and igneous rocks and are mined in countries such as India, Brazil, and the United States. Garnets have a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making them suitable for everyday jewelry.
February: Amethyst
Amethyst is a variety of quartz known for its purple color, which is caused by the presence of iron impurities. It is formed in geodes and is found in countries such as Brazil, Uruguay, and Zambia. Amethyst has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it durable for jewelry. The stone is associated with calmness and clarity and is often used in rings, pendants, and earrings.
March: Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a beryl mineral that ranges in color from blue to blue-green. It is formed in granitic rocks and is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Madagascar. Aquamarine has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a popular choice for jewelry. The stone is believed to promote courage and is often used in rings and pendants.
April: Diamond
Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring mineral, with a hardness of 10 on the Mohs scale. It is formed under high pressure and temperature deep within the Earth’s mantle and is found in countries such as South Africa, Russia, and Canada. Diamonds are highly valued for their brilliance and durability and are often used in engagement rings and other fine jewelry.
May: Emerald
Emerald is a beryl mineral known for its vibrant green color, which is caused by the presence of chromium or vanadium. It is formed in metamorphic rocks and is found in countries such as Colombia, Zambia, and Brazil. Emerald has a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. The stone is associated with love and is often used in rings and pendants.
June: Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite
June has three official birthstones: pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite. Pearls are formed inside the shells of mollusks and are found in the oceans and rivers of countries such as Japan, China, and Australia. Moonstone is a feldspar mineral that exhibits a unique optical effect called adularescence and is found in India, Sri Lanka, and the United States. Alexandrite is a rare chrysoberyl mineral that changes color in different lighting and is found in Russia, Brazil, and Sri Lanka.
July: Ruby
Ruby is a variety of corundum known for its red color, which is caused by the presence of chromium. It is formed in metamorphic rocks and is found in countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, and Madagascar. Ruby has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale and is associated with passion and vitality. It is often used in rings and pendants.
August: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx
August has three official birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Peridot is a silicate mineral known for its green color and is found in volcanic rocks and meteorites. It is found in countries such as the United States, Egypt, and China. Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Spinel is a mineral that is similar in appearance to ruby and is found in countries such as Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony that is formed in sedimentary rocks and is found in countries such as India and Brazil.
September: Sapphire
Sapphire is a variety of corundum known for its blue color, which is caused by the presence of iron and titanium. It is formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is found in countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, and Australia. Sapphire has a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale and is associated with wisdom and truth. It is often used in rings and pendants.
October: Opal, Tourmaline
October has two official birthstones: opal and tourmaline. Opal is a hydrated amorphous silica that exhibits a play of colors and is found in countries such as Australia, Mexico, and Ethiopia. Tourmaline is a complex borosilicate mineral that comes in a wide range of colors and is found in countries such as Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States.
November: Topaz, Citrine
November has two official birthstones: topaz and citrine. Topaz is a silicate mineral that is found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is found in countries such as Brazil, Russia, and the United States. Citrine is a variety of quartz that is found in countries such as Brazil, Spain, and the United States.
December: Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise
December has three official birthstones: tanzanite, zircon, and turquoise. Tanzanite is a rare zoisite mineral that is found only in Tanzania. Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that is found in countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, and Australia. Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that is found in countries such as the United States, China, and Egypt.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Birthstones have long been associated with symbolic and metaphysical meanings. In ancient times, people believed that wearing a gemstone corresponding to their birth month could provide protection, enhance their natural abilities, or bring good fortune. These beliefs have persisted in various forms throughout history and continue to influence the popularity of certain gemstones today.
For example, garnet is believed to promote peace and prosperity, while amethyst is associated with calmness and clarity. Emerald is linked to love and fertility, and ruby is believed to enhance passion and vitality. In more recent times, the metaphysical properties of gemstones have been popularized by New Age movements and holistic healing practices. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, have contributed to the enduring appeal of birthstones and their continued use in jewelry and decorative objects.
Care and Cleaning
The care and cleaning of birthstone jewelry depend on the hardness, durability, and composition of the gemstone. Harder gemstones, such as diamonds and sapphires, are more resistant to scratches and can be cleaned with standard jewelry cleaning solutions. Softer gemstones, such as pearls and opals, require more delicate handling and should be cleaned with mild soap and water or a soft cloth.
It is also important to consider the type of setting and the metal used in the jewelry, as some metals may tarnish or corrode over time. Jewelry with pearls, for example, should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or excessive moisture, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone. Similarly, opals should be kept away from extreme temperatures and dry environments, as they can dehydrate and crack.
Regular inspection of birthstone jewelry is also recommended to ensure that the settings are secure and that the gemstones are not loose or damaged. If a gemstone becomes loose or falls out, it should be taken to a professional jeweler for repair to avoid further damage.
Conclusion
The tradition of birthstones by month is a fascinating blend of history, gemology, and cultural significance. From the ancient stones of Aaron’s breastplate to the modern lists established by professional organizations, birthstones have evolved to reflect changing tastes, technological advancements, and scientific discoveries. Each gemstone carries its own unique properties, symbolism, and historical context, making them more than just decorative objects but also meaningful artifacts.
The continued popularity of birthstones is a testament to their enduring appeal and the deep connection people feel to these stones. Whether worn as jewelry, used in healing practices, or simply admired for their beauty, birthstones continue to play an important role in the lives of individuals around the world.