Turquoise, a captivating gem known for its distinctive blue to greenish hue, holds a significant place in both the history of jewelry and the cultural imagination. While valued for its aesthetic appeal, turquoise has also been attributed with protective qualities and symbolic meaning throughout various civilizations. This article explores the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of turquoise, with a particular focus on a notable example: a ring once belonging to the celebrated author Jane Austen.
History and Lore
The history of turquoise is remarkably long, stretching back to ancient times. As the sources indicate, turquoise was “prized by the Egyptians, the Aztecs and the rulers of Shang dynasty China,” demonstrating its widespread appeal across diverse cultures. The very name “turquoise” reveals a fascinating aspect of its historical trade routes; it derives from the French turquois, meaning “Turkish,” as most stones traded in Europe were sourced in Iran and imported via Turkey.
Throughout history, turquoise has been regarded as a stone of protection. It was “thought to have general protective qualities, and rumoured to discolour if its owner’s health was declining,” a belief that highlights the close connection between the gem and the well-being of its wearer. This association with health and protection likely contributed to its enduring popularity.
During the Georgian era, turquoise was “highly valued in Georgian jewellery,” even in small cabochons, its bright and vivid color making a striking impression. The sources note that turquoise is among the more fragile materials used for rings, making surviving examples from this period particularly rare and valuable.
A Literary Connection: Jane Austen’s Ring
A particularly compelling chapter in the history of turquoise is its association with the renowned novelist Jane Austen. A small gold ring, set with a cabochon turquoise stone, once belonged to Austen and has become a cherished relic of literary history. The ring’s simple design – a 9-carat gold band holding an oval cabochon turquoise – reflects Austen’s “relatively simple life and modest income,” as well as the “elegance and simplicity” of the Regency period.
Following Austen’s death, the ring was passed down through her family. In 1863, it was gifted to Caroline Austen, accompanied by a note from Eleanor Austen detailing its provenance. The ring remained within the Austen family for generations before coming to public attention in the 21st century.
In 2012, the ring was auctioned at Sotheby’s, where it unexpectedly sold for over £150,000 to American singer Kelly Clarkson. However, the UK government declared the ring a “national treasure” and imposed a temporary export ban, allowing the Jane Austen House Museum to raise funds and purchase it, ensuring its permanent return to England. Today, the ring is displayed at Austen’s former home, Chawton Cottage, alongside other pieces of her jewelry, including a pair of topaz crosses.
Gemological Properties
The sources describe turquoise as a “bright blue to greenish stone that is cryptocrystalline,” meaning it is composed of millions of tiny, invisible crystals. This cryptocrystalline structure distinguishes it from many other gemstones. The ring owned by Jane Austen is described as having a cabochon cut, a smooth, rounded shape commonly used for turquoise due to its relative softness. The ring is a size K½.
While the provided sources do not detail the full range of turquoise’s gemological properties, they establish its basic composition and appearance. Further research, beyond the scope of these sources, would be needed to provide a comprehensive gemological profile, including details on hardness, refractive index, and specific gravity.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
As previously mentioned, turquoise has long been associated with protective qualities. The belief that the stone would “discolour if its owner’s health was declining” suggests a strong connection between the gem and the wearer’s vitality. This belief, while not scientifically verifiable, underscores the symbolic importance of turquoise throughout history.
The sources do not elaborate on other potential metaphysical beliefs associated with turquoise, but its historical use by various cultures suggests a broader range of symbolic meanings. The fact that it was prized by ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, and the Aztecs indicates that it held significant cultural and spiritual value in those societies.
Care and Cleaning
The sources indicate that turquoise is “among the more fragile materials used for rings,” suggesting that it requires careful handling and maintenance. While specific cleaning instructions are not provided, the gem’s relative softness implies that abrasive cleaners should be avoided. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap is likely the most appropriate method for preserving its luster and preventing damage.
Conclusion
Turquoise is a gemstone with a rich history, captivating beauty, and enduring symbolic significance. From its ancient origins in the civilizations of Egypt, China, and the Aztecs to its more recent association with the beloved author Jane Austen, turquoise has consistently held a place of prominence in human culture. The story of Austen’s ring, in particular, highlights the gem’s ability to connect us to the past and to the lives of those who came before us. Its protective qualities, historical trade routes, and striking appearance continue to make turquoise a treasured gemstone for enthusiasts and collectors alike.