The concept of birthstones has ancient roots, with connections to biblical times and the twelve tribes of Israel, evolving through Christian scholarship to link gemstones with months and astrological alignments. While the modern practice of associating specific gems with birth months is relatively recent, the belief in gemstones’ power to bestow good luck, health, and wealth stretches back millennia. For those born in August, the tradition offers a choice of three distinct gemstones: peridot, spinel, and onyx, each with its own history and significance. This article will explore the origins, properties, and cultural relevance of these August birthstones, with a particular focus on their connections to Celtic traditions and symbolism.
History and Lore
The origins of August’s birthstones are varied. Onyx holds the distinction of being the “ancient” birthstone for August, while peridot is considered the “traditional” choice. Spinel is the most recent addition, gaining official recognition as an August birthstone only in 2016. The Celts, a tribal society originating in the Russian steppes around 1200 BC, held a deep reverence for the natural world, imbuing trees, animals, and gemstones with magical properties. While the sources do not directly link specific Celtic beliefs to spinel or onyx, they do illuminate the Celtic appreciation for gemstones, particularly in the context of jewelry and ornamentation.
Celtic art flourished from the Hallstatt period (12th to 8th century BC), characterized by geometric designs and intricate metalwork. This early iron age culture, based on salt mining prosperity, produced artifacts demonstrating a sophisticated artistic style. Later, as the Roman Empire expanded, Celtic culture persisted primarily in Ireland, free from Roman domination. It was in Ireland that some of the most elaborate Celtic jewelry was discovered, influencing the renaissance of Celtic art after the arrival of Christianity. The Broighter Collar, a 1st-century BC masterpiece, exemplifies this artistry with its stylized horse and bird motifs.
The Celts developed a unique alphabet called Ogham, originally inscribed on wood or stone. Each Ogham symbol corresponded to a sound and was associated with a tree, believed to possess magical properties and represent specific characteristics and strengths according to the lunar calendar. This connection to nature and symbolism underscores the Celtic worldview, where gemstones likely held a place within a broader system of belief.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot, often called the “evening emerald” or the “gem of the Sun,” was highly valued by the ancient Egyptians. Its vibrant green hue, ranging from yellowish-green to olive and dark-green depending on its iron content, made it a prized possession. The gem is a rare gem-quality variety of olivine, formed deep within the Earth and occasionally brought to the surface by volcanic activity. In Hawaiian folklore, peridot is known as “Pele’s Tears,” named after the goddess of fire, Pele. Remarkably, peridot has even been found inside some meteorites, adding to its mystique.
While the sources do not detail specific Celtic associations with peridot, the Celts’ reverence for green – the color of nature and growth – suggests that peridot would have been appreciated for its aesthetic qualities and symbolic resonance. The Celts ascribed magical properties to trees and associated them with the lunar calendar, and it is plausible that they would have extended similar beliefs to gemstones.
Onyx: Ancient Protection
Onyx is recognized as the “ancient” birthstone for August. The sources do not provide specific details regarding Celtic beliefs surrounding onyx, but generally, onyx has been associated with strength, protection, and grounding. The Celts valued protection and wisdom, as evidenced by their association of amethyst with these qualities. It is reasonable to assume that onyx, with its perceived protective properties, would have held a similar appeal.
Spinel: A Modern Addition
Spinel, the newest of the August birthstones, only achieved official status in 2016. The sources do not provide any historical or cultural context for spinel’s connection to Celtic traditions. However, the increasing popularity of spinel as a gemstone reflects a broader appreciation for its beauty and durability.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources offer limited gemological data. Peridot is identified as a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine. Its color is determined by its iron content, ranging from yellowish-green to dark-green. Onyx and spinel’s gemological properties are not detailed within the provided materials.
A table summarizing the limited gemological information available:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color Range |
|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Olivine (variable formula) | Yellowish-green, apple green, olive, dark-green |
| Onyx | Not specified | Not specified |
| Spinel | Not specified | Not specified |
Celtic Decorative Motifs and Gemstone Use
Celtic art is characterized by organic curvilinear ornamentation and patterns, including spirals, curves, weaves, and knots. Animal motifs, such as wolves, stags, horses, serpents, and birds, were also common, often stylized and abstract. These decorative elements were frequently incorporated into metalwork, as seen in artifacts like the Battersea Shield and the Broighter Collar.
While the sources do not explicitly state how gemstones were integrated into Celtic jewelry, it is likely that they were used to enhance the beauty and symbolism of these pieces. Gemstones could have been set into metalwork, used as focal points in pendants or brooches, or incorporated into more elaborate designs. The Ogham birthstone pendants available today, made from glass with a green backing and white glass writing, demonstrate a modern interpretation of Celtic symbolism, linking gemstones to the ancient Ogham alphabet and the associated trees.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The Celts believed that trees possessed magical properties and were associated with the lunar calendar, each tree representing certain characteristics and strengths. This belief system suggests a broader worldview where natural elements, including gemstones, were imbued with spiritual significance. Amethyst, for example, was believed to bring about spiritual awareness and strength, ward off intoxication, and create a shield against evil energies. Citrine was considered the stone of abundance, good fortune, and prosperity, believed to strengthen inner light and inspire creativity.
While the sources do not detail specific Celtic beliefs about peridot, onyx, or spinel, it is plausible that these gemstones were also associated with particular qualities and powers. The green color of peridot may have resonated with the Celtic reverence for nature, while the perceived protective properties of onyx would have aligned with their desire for safety and well-being.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care and cleaning instructions for these gemstones. However, general guidelines for gemstone care can be applied. Peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, requires careful handling to avoid scratches. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Onyx and spinel’s hardness are not specified, but they should also be cleaned gently with mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstones.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and onyx – each possess a unique history and appeal. While the sources primarily highlight the ancient origins and traditional associations of peridot and onyx, the inclusion of spinel as a modern birthstone reflects evolving tastes and gemological discoveries. The connection to Celtic traditions, though not explicitly detailed for all three stones, is evident in the Celts’ reverence for nature, symbolism, and the magical properties attributed to natural elements. The intricate artistry of Celtic jewelry and the enduring legacy of Ogham symbolism demonstrate a deep appreciation for beauty, meaning, and the power of the natural world. These gemstones, whether worn for their aesthetic qualities, their perceived metaphysical benefits, or their historical significance, continue to captivate and inspire.