Amethyst, the birthstone for February, holds a rich history interwoven with royalty, spirituality, and evolving gemological understanding. From ancient civilizations to modern jewelry, this captivating purple gemstone has consistently held a place of prominence. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of amethyst, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The use of amethyst dates back remarkably far, with evidence of its presence in jewelry as early as 3100 BC, discovered in Minos, within the Aegean Sea. Early examples include cabochons set in gold bezels, a style that remains popular today. In ancient Egypt, amethyst held significant value, appearing in the tombs of Amenemhet II (1919-1885 BC) as a scarab beetle crafted from the gem and set in gold, and adorning the burial treasures of King Tutankhamun. Cleopatra herself was known to wear an amethyst ring carved with the image of Mithras, a Persian deity.
The association of amethyst with royalty continued into later eras. An amethyst was incorporated into the oldest of the British Crown Jewels, worn by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century. Queen Elizabeth I possessed an amethyst necklace, and the modern coronation regalia still features numerous amethysts. Catherine the Great of Russia, a renowned gem enthusiast, particularly favored amethyst. When supplies arrived from Brazil, it was largely accessible only to royalty and the extremely wealthy. She commissioned miners to search for amethyst within the Ural Mountains, and significant deposits were discovered shortly after her death in 1799.
Historically, the vibrant purple color of amethyst contributed to its association with wealth and nobility. The difficulty and expense of creating purple dyes for fabrics meant that purple was a color reserved for the elite. Consequently, when amethyst was rare, it was considered alongside rubies, sapphires, and emeralds as a precious gem, sometimes even commanding a higher price than diamonds.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amethyst’s formation occurs in various geological environments, often within volcanic rocks. Currently, the most important sources of amethyst are found in Africa and South America. Brazil remains a major supplier, particularly from its southernmost state, Rio Grande do Sul. However, amethyst sourced from Brazil often exhibits a lighter color compared to that found in other regions. Notably, Brazilian amethyst frequently forms within large, crystal-lined geodes, some of which are large enough to stand inside. Russia was a primary source of amethyst until the 19th century, when the Brazilian deposits were discovered.
Gemological Properties
Amethyst registers a 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This rating indicates that it is suitable for everyday wear in jewelry, including rings, though it may show wear over time and require repolishing. It is more susceptible to damage than harder gemstones like rubies, sapphires, and diamonds, and should be handled with care to avoid scratching when in proximity to these harder stones.
Heat treatment is a common practice used to enhance the color and marketability of natural amethyst. While heat treatment cannot darken pale amethyst, it can lighten the color of very dark stones, making them more appealing. It can also remove unwanted brownish inclusions. Interestingly, heat treatment can sometimes transform amethyst into citrine, a yellow variety of quartz. However, excessive heat can potentially remove the color entirely or render the stone slightly more brittle, particularly at faceted corners and sharp edges. Prolonged exposure to strong light can also cause some amethyst to fade, making it less ideal for constant sun exposure.
Amethyst can be safely cleaned using an ultrasonic cleaner, but steam cleaning is not recommended. A soft brush with mild soap provides the safest cleaning method.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, amethyst has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and mystical powers. Ancient lore suggests that wearing amethyst could convey strength and wit to the wearer. In February, wearing amethyst is considered a symbol of personal empowerment and inner strength.
Ancient Indian traditions connect amethyst to specific planets and beliefs. In the system of “planetary gemology,” amethyst is associated with Jupiter. Jewelry incorporating nine different gems, termed navaratna jewels, were sometimes created, each representing a different planet. Amethyst was also associated with the sun gods Ra and Jupiter, and legend held that it could quench thirst and prevent bad dreams.
Amethyst and the Days of the Week
Interestingly, amethyst is also linked to a specific day of the week. According to some traditions, amethyst is the gemstone associated with Wednesday, corresponding to the planet Mercury. The belief is that wearing the gemstone associated with a particular day allows the wearer to draw on the energy of the corresponding planet.
Amethyst in Modern Times
Amethyst continues to be a popular gemstone in contemporary jewelry. It is traditionally given as the gift for the sixth wedding anniversary. Notable examples of its use in modern history include a lavish Cartier-designed amethyst bib necklace worn by Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, at a gala in Versailles in 1953.
Conclusion
Amethyst’s journey through history reveals a gemstone deeply intertwined with power, spirituality, and aesthetic appreciation. From its ancient origins in Egypt and the Aegean Sea to its prominence in royal collections and modern jewelry, amethyst has consistently captivated and inspired. Its geological origins, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism ensure its continued significance as a cherished and beautiful gemstone.