June boasts a trio of captivating birthstones: Alexandrite, Pearl, and, traditionally, Amethyst. While Amethyst is the birthstone for February, its historical connection to June highlights the evolving nature of birthstone traditions. Alexandrite, a relatively modern addition, stands out for its remarkable color-changing ability, while Pearl, admired for millennia, represents purity and timeless elegance. This article will delve into the history, gemological properties, and symbolism of these June birthstones, drawing upon available records and established gemological understanding.
A History of June’s Gemstones
The assignment of birthstones has a long and complex history, evolving over centuries. Originally, each month wasn’t necessarily linked to a single stone; rather, various gems were associated with different astrological signs. The modern birthstone list began to solidify in the 20th century. The first changes to the traditional list were made in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, which added Alexandrite to the June selections, alongside citrine, pink tourmaline, and zircon. Today, three lists – ancient, traditional, and modern – exist, allowing for a broader range of choices. The traditional June birthstone is Pearl, while Alexandrite represents the modern choice. Amethyst, though now associated with February, has historical ties to June as well.
Pearls have been revered since ancient times, potentially even before their formal designation as a birthstone. Their name originates from the Latin word ‘Perna,’ referring to the leg-of-mutton shape of an open mollusk shell. Throughout history, pearls have symbolized purity, innocence, and wealth.
Alexandrite: A Gem of Dramatic Change
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, prized for its exceptional color-changing properties. This remarkable phenomenon, known as the Alexandrite effect, causes the gem to appear green in daylight and red under incandescent light. The more complete this color change, the more valuable the stone. Alexandrite is a relatively recent addition to the birthstone family, gaining recognition in the mid-20th century.
The gem’s discovery is linked to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the 1830s, where it was found on the birthday of the future Czar Alexander II, hence its name. While Russian Alexandrite is highly sought after, sources also exist elsewhere, producing stones with varying degrees of color change.
Pearl: A Timeless Classic
Pearls are organic gemstones formed within the soft tissue of a living shelled mollusk. Both saltwater and freshwater pearls are valued, with variations in color, size, and luster. Throughout history, pearls have been associated with royalty, purity, and wisdom. They were fashioned into vessels for beverages in ancient Greece and Rome, with the belief that wearing or possessing them could prevent intoxication.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While Alexandrite and Pearl differ significantly in their formation and composition, understanding their gemological properties is crucial for appreciation and care.
Alexandrite:
- Chemical Formula: BeAl₂O₄ (Beryllium Aluminum Oxide)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8.5 – Highly durable, suitable for all types of jewelry.
- Color: Green in daylight, red in incandescent light.
- Clarity: Typically exhibits inclusions, which can affect value.
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
Pearl:
- Chemical Composition: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 2.5 – 4.5 – Relatively soft, requiring careful handling.
- Color: White, cream, pink, black, and various iridescent shades.
- Luster: The primary factor determining pearl quality.
- Shape: Round, oval, pear-shaped, baroque (irregular).
Amethyst:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7 – Good durability for jewelry.
- Color: Violet, ranging from pale lilac to deep reddish purple.
- Clarity: Generally good, though inclusions may be present.
- Crystal System: Trigonal
The following table provides a comparative overview of the hardness of these gemstones:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Alexandrite | 8.5 |
| Pearl | 2.5 - 4.5 |
| Amethyst | 7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Amethyst, traditionally associated with February, symbolizes intellect, temperance, and love. Ancient beliefs attributed protective qualities to the stone, believing it could prevent drunkenness and overcome temptation. It was dedicated to St. Valentine and the Greek god of wine, Bacchus. Some historical accounts suggest it could treat skin ailments and cure tumors.
Pearls have long been associated with purity, innocence, and faith. They were often worn by brides as symbols of marital happiness.
While specific metaphysical beliefs surrounding Alexandrite are less extensively documented in the provided sources, its rarity and unique properties contribute to its perceived value and mystique. The gem is often associated with balance, intuition, and good fortune.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these June birthstones.
Alexandrite: Due to its high hardness, Alexandrite is relatively durable. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they may damage the stone.
Pearl: Pearls are delicate and require gentle care. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials. Clean with a soft cloth dampened with mild soap and water. Pearls should be stored separately from other jewelry to prevent scratching.
Amethyst: Amethyst can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for amethyst, but caution should be exercised.
Conclusion
The June birthstones – Alexandrite, Pearl, and historically, Amethyst – represent a diverse range of beauty, history, and symbolism. From the dramatic color change of Alexandrite to the timeless elegance of Pearl and the regal purple of Amethyst, these gemstones offer a captivating connection to the past and a meaningful expression of personal style. Choosing a June birthstone, whether for a gift or self-commemoration, is a thoughtful gesture that acknowledges the recipient’s unique qualities and celebrates the preciousness of life.