Peridot, a vibrant green gemstone, holds the distinction of being the primary birthstone for August. Revered for its captivating color and fascinating origins, this gem boasts a history intertwined with volcanic activity, ancient beliefs, and even extraterrestrial origins. This article delves into the geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, and care of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history stretches back millennia. Sources indicate that sardonyx, a related gemstone, was believed to be one of the stones adorning the High Priest’s breastplate as referenced in the Old Testament, symbolizing spiritual strength. Roman soldiers historically wore sardonyx rings carved with the image of Mars, believing it offered protection in battle. While these references pertain to sardonyx, they illustrate the long-held tradition of attributing protective and symbolic qualities to gemstones.
Modern associations with peridot itself are less extensively documented in the provided sources, though its connection to August births is well established. The sources do not detail extensive ancient lore specifically surrounding peridot, but emphasize its modern association with courage, happiness, and clear communication, bringing stability to partnerships.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of peridot is a remarkable geological process. The sources detail three primary origins: volcanic activity, pallasite meteorites, and, specifically, the mountainous region of Mogok in Myanmar.
The most significant source of peridot, particularly in the United States, is Arizona. Massive volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago deposited lava flows across the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. These lava flows contain peridot crystals, and some Apache families have mined these deposits for decades.
Beyond terrestrial origins, peridot has been discovered within pallasite meteorites – a rare type of meteorite composed of nickel-iron and olivine. While thousands of meteorites have impacted Earth, only a select few contain gem-quality peridot. This extraterrestrial origin adds a unique dimension to the gem’s allure.
Myanmar (formerly Burma) also represents an important source, with loose peridot crystals found in crevices on the northern slope of Kyaukpon, near the gem city of Mogok. Peridot from this locality is noted for its deep color and exceptional transparency. Other sources mentioned include Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, and Uruguay, though the sources do not elaborate on the quality or significance of peridot from these locations. India is noted for sardonyx with good contrast between colored layers.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a silicate mineral composed of olivine. Its hardness ranges from 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it softer than many other gemstones. This relative softness means peridot is not ideally suited for daily wear in rings, as it is susceptible to scratching and damage.
The sources do not provide the chemical formula or refractive index of peridot. However, they do highlight its vulnerability to thermal shock, acids, and even prolonged exposure to acidic perspiration. This sensitivity necessitates careful handling and cleaning.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of peridot requires gentle care. The sources strongly advise against using steam or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause thermal shock and damage the stone. The safest method for cleaning peridot involves using a soft-bristle brush with mild dish soap in warm water.
Storage is also crucial. Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. The sources also note that dyed sardonyx, a related gemstone, can have its color affected by high heat during jewelry manufacturing or repair.
Birthstone Standardization and Alternatives
The standardization of birthstones is a relatively recent development. Prior to 1912, there was no universally accepted list. The National Association of Jewelers convened in that year to establish a standardized list of American birthstones, combining existing customs and ensuring practicality for jewelers. This list was subsequently modified in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, with additions like alexandrite for June, citrine for November, pink tourmaline for October, and zircon for December. In 2002, tanzanite was added as an alternative for December, and spinel was added to August in 2016.
The sources do not detail alternative birthstones for August beyond sardonyx. However, they do mention alternative birthstones for other months, such as rose quartz and pink tourmaline for October, citrine and rhodochrosite for November, and zircon and tanzanite for December. The existence of alternative birthstones allows individuals to choose a gem that resonates with their personal taste and preferences.
Additional Gemstone Information
The provided sources also contain information on other gemstones, though these are less central to the primary focus on peridot. Turquoise, the December birthstone, is described as a talisman for luck and protection, deeply rooted in Native American cultures. Topaz, the November birthstone, is linked to friendship and was historically associated with wealth, beauty, strength, and protection. Tanzanite, also a December birthstone, is associated with new beginnings, transformation, and rarity, and was believed to strengthen the immune system.
Conclusion
Peridot, the August birthstone, is a gem of captivating beauty and intriguing origins. From its formation in volcanic lava and extraterrestrial meteorites to its historical associations with courage and happiness, peridot holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. Its relative softness necessitates careful handling and cleaning, but its vibrant green hue and fascinating story make it a cherished gem for those born in August and gemstone enthusiasts alike. The standardization of birthstones in the 20th century has solidified peridot’s position as a beloved and recognized gem, offering a connection to both tradition and the wonders of the natural world.