Amber and ruby both hold significance as birthstones, particularly for those born in July. While ruby is widely recognized as the primary July birthstone, amber represents an alternative, rooted in historical and religious traditions. This article explores the geological origins, historical uses, gemological properties, and symbolism associated with both of these fascinating gemstones, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
Ruby’s history is rich with lore and symbolism, spanning numerous cultures. In ancient Persia, the ruby was revered as a symbol of dignity, charity, and divine power. Burmese cultures considered the ruby to represent the final stage of reincarnation before achieving divinity, associating it with life and happiness. Within Hinduism, the ruby held a place of importance as one of the gems featured in the magical necklace of Vishnu, a central deity in the Hindu trinity. Its popularity is evidenced by its frequent appearance in jewelry worn by celebrities throughout modern history.
Amber’s historical use dates back even further, with artifacts discovered in Egypt dating to the 6th dynasty around 3200 B.C. In ancient times, amber served as a form of currency in regions along the Baltic Sea, spreading its influence throughout Europe. The Romans held amber in high esteem, demanding tribute from the Britons in the form of this gemstone. Historically, amber has been valued as a talisman for protection and healing, a belief that continues to resonate today. Amber also holds a place in religious history, being designated as a high priest birthstone for July, based on the gems adorning the breastplate of Aaron.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amber is not a mineral, but rather a fossilized resin produced by ancient trees. Most scientists agree that the majority of amber originated from Scandinavian forests approximately 56 million years ago, though estimates range from 23 to 56 million years. During the warm Eocene era, coniferous trees secreted resin to protect themselves from injury and harsh weather. This resin, often trapping insects and other small creatures, fossilized over time and eventually found its way to shores, particularly those of the Baltic Sea.
Today, the primary sources of amber are Poland and Russia, accounting for roughly 70-90% of global production. Other significant sources include the Dominican Republic, Myanmar, Mexico, and Romania. Each deposit yields amber with unique characteristics; Baltic amber (Succinite) is known for its high quality and range of colors, while Dominican amber is often blue or green and highly translucent. Myanmar amber (Burmite) typically exhibits brownish-yellow to dark brown hues.
Ruby, a variety of the mineral corundum, forms in metamorphic rocks. Sources for ruby are not detailed in the provided materials beyond mentions of Burma (Myanmar) and Persia.
Gemological Properties
Amber is an organic gemstone, differing significantly from traditional minerals. It ranges in color from bright yellow to darker reddish-brown, and even nearly black, though Dominican amber can be blue. Its clarity can vary from transparent to opaque, with specimens containing fossilized inclusions often being particularly valuable. Amber is relatively soft, making it one of the first materials used for decorations. It can be polished into free-form shapes, cabochons, or beads, though faceted rubies are extremely rare. Amber can be susceptible to changes in color over time due to oxidation, and treatments like heat and dyeing can alter its appearance. A hazy amber can sometimes be clarified by heating in canola oil, though this can create circular marks known as spangles.
Ruby, while not detailed in terms of specific chemical composition or refractive index in the provided sources, is described as a precious stone known for its color. It is noted for commanding higher prices than diamonds of comparable size, particularly in high-quality forms. Ruby is a durable gemstone, suitable for various jewelry settings. Care should be taken to avoid harsh chemicals and sudden temperature changes. Heat treatment is a common practice to enhance the color of rubies and is considered a stable and permanent enhancement.
The following table summarizes key properties of amber:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Composition | Fossilized tree resin |
| Color | Yellow, orange, brown, reddish, blue |
| Clarity | Transparent to opaque |
| Hardness | Relatively soft |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Origin | Baltic region, Dominican Republic, Myanmar |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Amber is associated with warmth, vitality, and protection, aligning with the solar plexus chakra to enhance personal power and energy. It is believed to promote healing and a sense of inner security. Red amber, also known as “dragon blood” amber, has been cherished since ancient times for its rarity and preciousness.
Ruby has long been associated with passion, love, and courage. In ancient cultures, it symbolized dignity, divine power, and happiness. It was believed to protect against evil forces and promote beautiful thoughts. As a gift, ruby represents deep affection and is considered a meaningful token of love and appreciation.
Care and Cleaning
Amber requires gentle care due to its relative softness. It should be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. Amber should be stored separately from other jewelry to prevent scratches. Oxidation can cause amber to darken over time, potentially reducing its value.
Ruby is a durable gemstone, but proper care will preserve its brilliance. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Store rubies separately from other gems to avoid scratches. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, especially for treated stones. Avoid exposing ruby jewelry to sudden temperature changes or wearing it during strenuous activities.
Conclusion
Both amber and ruby offer a rich history, unique geological origins, and compelling symbolism. While ruby is the traditionally recognized July birthstone, amber provides a fascinating alternative with deep roots in ancient traditions and a connection to the natural world. Understanding the properties and lore of these gemstones enhances their appreciation and allows for informed choices when selecting jewelry or seeking a meaningful gift.