Amber is a unique and captivating material, often regarded alongside semi-precious stones like turquoise and jade due to its ornamental uses. Unlike traditional gemstones, amber is not a mineral or a crystal, but rather fossilized tree resin, a tangible link to ancient ecosystems. This article explores the history, geological origins, properties, and cultural significance of amber, a material cherished for millennia and recognized as a birthstone for certain traditions.
History and Lore
Amber’s history stretches back millennia, predating the Ice Age, with evidence of its use and trade dating back to ancient civilizations. Known by various names throughout history – “elektron” due to its electrostatic properties, “Denmark’s gold,” and “tears of gods” – amber held a prominent place in ancient cultures. It was believed to provide magicians and sorcerers with enhanced powers, and was used in devotions to deities such as Nehalennia, the Gaulish Goddess of Sea Travelers, and Oshun, the African Goddess of Love, Intimacy, Beauty and Diplomacy. Golden amber was also associated with Persephone, the Greek Goddess of Spring, symbolizing celebration and the Earth’s renewal.
Traditionally, amber is not considered a primary birthstone, but it is recognized as a natural birthstone for those born during midsummer (July 22 - August 21). It also holds significance as a zodiac stone for Taurus (April 20 - May 20) and Cancer. In some modern interpretations, amber is listed as a November birthstone alongside Citrine and Smoky Topaz. A Kurpie wedding tradition involves gifting brides with amber gemstone necklaces as part of their dowry, highlighting its enduring cultural value.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amber is formed from the hardened resin secreted by ancient trees, primarily a type of pine called Pinus succinifera and similar conifer species. This resin initially served as a protective barrier against fungus and decay, safeguarding the tree from harm. Over millions of years – most amber existing today is between 30 and 90 million years old, with the oldest known piece dating back 320 million years – the resin hardened under pressure and heat, becoming the fossilized material we know as amber.
The largest deposits of amber are found in the Baltic region of Europe, particularly in Russia, accounting for an estimated 90% of the world’s supply. Pieces are often found washed ashore, ripped from the seafloor by waves. Other significant sources include Northern Myanmar (Kachin State), Western Ukraine, and the Dominican Republic. Amber can also be found in the United States, with Kansas designating it as the state gemstone.
Gemological Properties
Amber is a unique substance, differing significantly from traditional gemstones. It is an organic material, composed of hydrocarbons, succinic acid, oils, and resins. Its color ranges from pale yellow to deep orange, milky white, and even black, grey, or blue. While sometimes referred to as “Lyncurius” due to its resemblance to the solidified urine of a Lynx cat, this is an archaic reference.
Amber is not defined as a crystal by the geological community due to its organic origin. It possesses a resinous luster and is generally translucent, though clarity can vary. Amber’s unique property of exhibiting electrostatic capabilities – attracting objects when rubbed – earned it the ancient Greek name “elektron.”
While a comprehensive table of gemological properties is not available in the provided sources, amber’s relative softness distinguishes it from harder gemstones. Further detailed gemological data, such as refractive index and specific gravity, are not provided within the available materials.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, amber has been attributed with a wide range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is often associated with love, strength, luck, healing, and protection. It is believed to calm hyperactivity and stressed nerves, promote humor and joy, and provide emotional balance.
Amber is considered a protective stone for children, and is sometimes worn as a necklace or bracelet, or sewn into clothing, to ward off negative energies and shield them from harm. It is also believed to alleviate teething pain, though it should never be placed in the mouth. For mothers, wearing amber is thought to benefit infants and children energetically.
As a “love crystal,” golden-orange amber symbolizes beauty and tenderness, attracting lasting love and protecting against negative influences. It is also believed to aid in the fulfillment of promises and the renewal of marriage vows. Some believe amber can “electrify” desire, aiding in fertility and potency. It is also associated with patience and wisdom.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its organic composition and relative softness, amber requires careful handling and cleaning. The provided sources do not offer detailed cleaning instructions, but its susceptibility to damage suggests avoiding harsh chemicals, abrasive cleaners, and ultrasonic cleaning. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and lukewarm water is recommended.
Conclusion
Amber stands apart as a truly unique gemstone, not for its crystalline structure, but for its organic origins and rich history. From its ancient use in religious practices and magical rituals to its modern recognition as a birthstone and ornamental material, amber continues to captivate and inspire. Its association with warmth, protection, and healing, combined with its beautiful golden hues, ensures its enduring appeal for generations to come.