October boasts a unique distinction among birthstone months: it is represented by not one, but two gemstones – opal and pink tourmaline. While opal holds the position as the traditional October birthstone, pink tourmaline was officially recognized as an alternative in 1912, and later solidified as an equal priority in more recent lists. Both stones possess a rich history, captivating beauty, and a fascinating geological origin, making them cherished choices for those born in the tenth month of the year. This article will delve into the history, geological sources, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these captivating gemstones.
History and Lore
The history of opal is steeped in ancient mythology and folklore. Ancient Greeks believed opals were formed from the tears of joy shed by Zeus after defeating the Titans. Indigenous Australian traditions offer several origin stories, one involving the Rainbow Serpent whose iridescent scales fell to earth as opals, and another describing a Creator spirit whose footprints became the gems as they traveled by rainbow. These myths highlight the stone’s captivating play-of-color, a phenomenon that has fascinated cultures for centuries.
The standardization of birthstone lists is a relatively recent development. The National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) first established a list in 1912, designating opal as the primary October birthstone and tourmaline as the alternative. In the 1950s, the Jewellery Industry Council of America refined this, specifically naming pink tourmaline as the alternative for October. A 2016 American list elevated pink tourmaline to equal priority with opal, while the 2013 UK list continues to recognize only opal.
Tourmaline’s history, while less ancient than opal’s, is equally intriguing. Egyptians believed tourmaline came in so many colors because it traveled down a rainbow from the sun to earth. This belief speaks to the gem’s remarkable range of hues, with pink tourmaline being the specific variety associated with October.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica, meaning it lacks a defined crystalline structure. Its play-of-color is caused by the diffraction of light by microscopic silica spheres within the stone. The most valuable black opals are found exclusively in the Lightning Ridge mountain range in Australia. Other opal deposits are found globally, but Australia remains the primary source.
Tourmaline, in contrast, is a crystalline borosilicate mineral. It forms in a variety of geological environments, including pegmatites, metamorphic rocks, and hydrothermal veins. Pink tourmaline, specifically, is found in several locations worldwide. Significant deposits are located in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. The wide range of colors within the tourmaline family is due to trace elements present during its formation. The rarest and most sought-after color is intense red, considered particularly luxurious.
Gemological Properties
Opal
Opal’s defining characteristic is its play-of-color, a shimmering display of rainbow hues. There are four main color types: jelly (opaque), white (the most common), gray (a combination of white and black), and black (the rarest and most valuable).
Opal is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6. This makes it more susceptible to scratches and abrasions than harder gemstones. As such, it is often recommended for use in pendants and earrings, though it can be found in rings with careful consideration for protection.
Pink Tourmaline
Tourmaline is a more durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 7 to 7.5, making it suitable for all types of jewelry. It is fairly scratch-resistant and can be worn daily without significant concern.
Pink tourmaline, like other tourmalines, exhibits a wide range of color intensities. The gem can come in every color on the spectrum, but the pink variety is specifically linked to October. Tourmaline can even become electrically charged when rubbed or warmed.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Property | Opal | Pink Tourmaline |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂·nH₂O | Complex Borosilicate |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5.5 - 6 | 7 - 7.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Translucent to Opaque | Transparent to Opaque |
| Play-of-Color | Present | Absent |
| Specific Gravity | 1.98 - 2.15 | 3.06 - 3.10 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and tourmaline have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Opal has been associated with hope, purity, and truth. However, historically, it also carried a reputation for bad luck, a superstition that may have stemmed from its delicate nature and susceptibility to damage.
Pink tourmaline is often linked to love, compassion, and emotional healing. It is believed to boost energy, encourage loving relationships, and help resolve relationship difficulties. Some believe it aids in self-love and forgiveness. Each color of tourmaline is said to have its own unique healing powers.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of both opal and pink tourmaline.
Opal, due to its softness, requires gentle handling. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials. Store opal jewelry in a box or soft pouch, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
Pink tourmaline is more durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water or professionally cleaned. It is also advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, though it is generally more resilient than opal.
Conclusion
Opal and pink tourmaline represent a captivating duality for those born in October. Opal, with its ancient lore and mesmerizing play-of-color, embodies a sense of magic and wonder. Pink tourmaline, with its durability and association with love and compassion, offers a more grounded and enduring beauty. Both gemstones, whether chosen for their historical significance, aesthetic appeal, or perceived metaphysical properties, serve as beautiful and meaningful symbols of the October birth month.