November boasts a fascinating birthstone heritage, offering not one, but three gemstones associated with the month: topaz, citrine, and, historically, amethyst. While golden topaz is often cited as the traditional November birthstone, citrine gained recognition as an alternate in 1952, and compelling arguments suggest amethyst held the position for centuries prior. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these three November birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the rich lore surrounding these gems.
A History of Changing Associations
The story of November’s birthstones is one of evolution and, at times, uncertainty. Early associations with birthstones stem from the ancient world, specifically the Book of Exodus and the breastplate of Aaron, adorned with twelve stones believed to represent the tribes of Israel. While the exact identification of these stones is debated due to imprecise ancient naming conventions – stones were often described by color rather than chemical composition – some scholars believe amethyst was among them.
The tradition of linking specific gemstones to months solidified over time, undergoing numerous revisions between the 6th and 10th centuries AD by various historians and even members of royal families. For a considerable period, topaz, particularly golden topaz, was the accepted November birthstone, enjoying this status for approximately 1500 years. However, the 20th century brought a shift. As techniques for heat-treating amethyst to create citrine became readily available and affordable, citrine was officially added as an alternate November birthstone in 1952.
Interestingly, some research suggests that amethyst may have been the original November birthstone, predating even topaz in its association with the month. This claim arises from interpretations of ancient texts and historical birthstone lists, adding a layer of complexity to the November birthstone narrative.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz, a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine, forms within volcanic and metamorphic rocks. It crystallizes in prismatic crystals and is found in a variety of geological settings, including pegmatites, rhyolites, and granites. Major sources of topaz today include Namibia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, the United States, and historically, Russia.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, owes its yellow to brownish-orange hues to the presence of iron impurities. It forms in volcanic rocks and geodes, often alongside amethyst. While natural citrine exists, much of the citrine available today is heat-treated amethyst. Significant sources of citrine include Brazil, Bolivia, and Madagascar.
Amethyst, also a variety of quartz, derives its purple color from irradiation, iron impurities, and trace elements. It forms in geodes within volcanic rocks and is found in Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Zambia, among other locations.
Gemological Properties
Topaz boasts a Mohs hardness of 8, making it a relatively durable gemstone, though it possesses poor toughness, meaning it is susceptible to chipping or cracking. Its chemical formula is Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂. Topaz exhibits a variety of colors, including colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, and brown. The vibrant blue topaz commonly seen in jewelry is often created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. A coating can also be applied to colorless topaz to create a “Mystic Topaz” with a rainbow effect, though this coating is susceptible to damage from abrasive cleaners.
Citrine, with a Mohs hardness of 7, is also durable but less so than topaz. Its chemical formula is SiO₂. Citrine’s color ranges from pale yellow to deep brownish-orange.
Amethyst, also with a Mohs hardness of 7 and a chemical formula of SiO₂, displays colors ranging from pale lilac to deep, rich purple.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine | Amethyst |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ | SiO₂ |
| Mohs Hardness | 8 | 7 | 7 |
| Toughness | Poor | Good | Good |
| Color | Varied | Yellow-Orange | Purple |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these November birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Greeks believed topaz bestowed strength upon its wearer. From the 1300s to the 1600s, Europeans thought topaz could ward off magic spells and dispel anger. In India, wearing topaz above the heart was believed to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence.
Citrine was believed to soothe tempers and calm the wearer, sharing this perceived benefit with topaz due to historical confusion between the two gems.
Amethyst, historically linked to royalty and spirituality, was believed to promote sobriety and protect against intoxication – the name “amethyst” derives from the Greek word “amethystos,” meaning “non-intoxicated.”
More broadly, both topaz and citrine are associated with calming energies, fortune, and warmth, making them fitting symbols for the transition into the cooler months of November.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these November birthstones. Topaz, despite its hardness, requires careful handling due to its poor toughness. Avoid steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause chipping or cracking. Warm, soapy water is the best method for cleaning topaz. Prolonged exposure to heat or sunlight may cause fading in some yellow-to-brown topaz gems. Abrasive cleaners should be avoided, especially on “Mystic Topaz,” as they can remove the coating.
Citrine and amethyst, being varieties of quartz, are more resilient and can withstand gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water. However, avoid harsh chemicals and prolonged exposure to intense heat.
Conclusion
The November birthstones – topaz, citrine, and the historically significant amethyst – represent a fascinating blend of geological beauty, historical lore, and symbolic meaning. While topaz currently holds the most recognized position as the traditional November birthstone, the inclusion of citrine and the compelling arguments for amethyst’s earlier association enrich the month’s gemological heritage. Understanding the unique properties and histories of these three gemstones allows for a deeper appreciation of their enduring appeal and significance.