March is unique among the months, possessing not one, but two recognized birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. This duality reflects the transition from the waning energy of winter to the burgeoning vitality of spring, with aquamarine representing the water sign of Pisces and bloodstone aligning with the fiery Aries. Both gemstones boast rich histories, captivating colors, and enduring symbolism, making them cherished choices for jewelry and collectors alike. This article will delve into the geological origins, historical lore, gemological properties, and modern significance of these two distinct March birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with months of the year dates back to the 1st century AD, originating with historians attempting to correlate stones mentioned in Biblical texts with the months and zodiac signs. Early lists often featured bloodstone as the sole March birthstone. However, the accurate identification of gems was not yet refined, leading to some ambiguity in the original attributions. The practice of wearing birthstones corresponding to one’s birth month gained popularity in Germany and Poland around the 1500s, with jewelers actively promoting the concept.
Standardized birthstone lists emerged in the 19th century, notably with Tiffany & Co.’s publication of birthstone poems in 1870. The poem dedicated to March explicitly championed bloodstone: “By her who in March was born / No gem save Bloodstone shall be worn / They will ensure her constancy / True friendship and fidelity.” This demonstrates the historical prominence of bloodstone as the primary March birthstone.
Aquamarine, while recognized for its beauty for millennia, gained prominence as a birthstone later in this evolution. Its name, derived from the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (of the sea), hints at its long-held association with the ocean. Ancient mariners believed aquamarine could calm waves and ensure safe passage, while others attributed to it the power to bring happiness in marriage and protect against combat opponents. Beryl, the mineral family to which aquamarine belongs, was also believed to make the wearer charming and stimulate the mind. Aquamarine is also the traditional gem for celebrating the 19th wedding anniversary, while bloodstone is associated with the 14th.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2(Si6O18). Beryl crystallizes in the hexagonal system and exhibits a hardness ranging from 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale. It is closely related to other beryl varieties such as emerald, goshenite (colorless), morganite (pink to violet), and golden beryl (heliodor). A rare red beryl also originates from Utah.
Aquamarine forms in pegmatite veins, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks formed during the final stages of magma crystallization. The presence of iron within the beryl structure is responsible for its characteristic blue hues. Significant deposits of aquamarine are found globally, with Brazil being the primary source for centuries. Other notable sources include Pakistan, China, Russia, the United States, and regions of Africa. A particularly notable example is the 1,298-carat dark blue aquamarine gifted to Eleanor Roosevelt by the Brazilian government.
Bloodstone, conversely, is a variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. It is typically dark green jasper with distinctive red inclusions of iron oxides, primarily hematite. The name “bloodstone” originates from the visual resemblance of these inclusions to drops of blood, leading to religious interpretations linking the stone to the blood of Christ. Its alternate name, heliotrope, comes from the ancient Greek word meaning “to turn the sun,” reflecting a belief that the stone could alter the sun’s appearance when placed in water.
Bloodstone is found in various locations worldwide, though specific mining regions are not detailed in the provided sources.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine’s color ranges from pale blue to light blue and even yellowish-blue. The intensity of the blue hue is determined by the amount of iron present. It is generally transparent, though inclusions such as mica, hematite, and liquid-filled tubes can occur. These liquid inclusions, often containing salt water, can expand when heated, potentially causing fractures or, in rare cases, even explosions within the gem. Aquamarine is optically uniaxial negative, with a refractive index ranging from approximately 1.57 to 1.59.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties of aquamarine:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7.5 - 8 |
| Refractive Index | 1.57 - 1.59 |
| Transparency | Usually Transparent |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Bloodstone, in contrast, is typically opaque and exhibits a dark green color speckled with red inclusions. It is a variety of chalcedony, and therefore possesses a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both aquamarine and bloodstone have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Aquamarine is often associated with purity of spirit and soul, courage, and happiness. It was believed to protect sailors and promote marital harmony.
Bloodstone has been attributed with a range of powers, including increasing strength, granting invisibility, and preserving health and youth. In modern times, it is often considered a lucky charm, particularly favored by athletes seeking to enhance their performance. In India, it has historically been ground into a powder and used as an aphrodisiac.
Care and Cleaning
Aquamarine, with a hardness of 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale, is a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned using warm water, mild dish soap, and a soft toothbrush. Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning are generally safe, provided the gem does not contain fractures or liquid inclusions. However, exposure to extreme temperature changes or sharp blows should be avoided, as these can cause breakage. Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight may also fade the gem’s color, so proper storage is recommended.
Specific care instructions for bloodstone are not detailed in the provided sources.
Conclusion
Aquamarine and bloodstone represent a fascinating duality within the birthstones of March. Aquamarine, with its serene blue hues and association with the ocean, embodies tranquility and clarity. Bloodstone, with its striking green and red coloration, symbolizes strength and vitality. Both gemstones carry rich historical and cultural significance, making them cherished choices for those born in March, or for anyone captivated by their unique beauty and enduring symbolism. Their contrasting characteristics reflect the transition of the season, offering a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful and beautiful gemstone.