September boasts a rich tapestry of birthstones, far exceeding the common association with solely the blue sapphire. Historically, and across various cultures, a multitude of gemstones have represented this transitional month between summer and autumn. From the revered sapphire and lapis lazuli to the more subtly recognized peridot, zircon, agate, sardonyx, and even moonstone, September’s birthstones offer a diverse range of colors, lore, and geological origins. This article will delve into the history, properties, and symbolism of these gems, as documented through historical accounts and gemological understanding.
A History of Multiple Representations
The designation of birthstones evolved over time, and September is a prime example of this evolution. While sapphire currently holds the most prominent position as the September birthstone, several other gems have been linked to this month throughout history. Ancient Roman and Italian traditions recognized sardonyx as a September birthstone, while ancient Tibetans favored agate. The Hindu calendar lists blue zircon, and peridot was considered a September stone in ancient Russian, Hebrew, Italian, and Arabic calendars, though it is now more commonly associated with August. This multiplicity reflects the diverse cultural beliefs and available gemstones throughout history. The concept of assigning specific gemstones to each month gained traction in the 19th and 20th centuries, solidifying sapphire’s position as the primary September birthstone, but the historical alternatives remain significant.
Sapphire: Royalty, Truth, and Fidelity
Sapphire, a variety of the mineral corundum, is undoubtedly the most recognized September birthstone. Its association with royalty and the elite dates back centuries. Throughout history, sapphires have been featured in the folklore of numerous world religions and were seen as symbols of nobility, truth, and faithfulness. Ancient Greeks believed sapphires offered protection from harm, while ancient Persians thought the earth rested on a giant sapphire, giving the sky its blue hue. Medieval Europeans attributed healing powers to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison.
Sapphires belong to the corundum family, which also includes ruby. While blue is the most well-known sapphire color, these gems occur in a rainbow of hues. Sapphires are exceptionally hard, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale – just one point below diamond – making them durable and suitable for everyday wear. They crystallize in a hexagonal system and are highly valued for their beauty and rarity.
Beyond Blue: Exploring Alternative September Birthstones
While sapphire reigns supreme, the other birthstones associated with September each possess unique qualities and histories.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Ancient Royalty
Lapis Lazuli, a deep blue metamorphic rock, was once a treasure of ancient royalty. Its use dates back millennia, famously adorning the sarcophagus of King Tut and embellishing the walls and furnishings of Catherine the Great’s Russian palace. This gem is believed to promote mental clarity, serenity, and self-mastery, and is thought to be connected to the stars and heavens.
Peridot: The Stone of Compassion
Peridot, a vibrant green gem containing chromium, nickel, and iron, was historically referred to as chrysolite. It is a stone of positive energy, believed to open the heart chakra and remove blockages. Folklore suggests peridot can even help locate lost items. Though sometimes confused with chrysolite – an older term for the same mineral – peridot is associated with balance, cheer, and peace. It is a relatively inexpensive birthstone, making it accessible to a wider range of buyers.
Zircon: A Luminescent Gem with Ancient Roots
Zircon, often mistaken for cubic zirconia (a diamond imitation), is a natural gemstone with a long and distinguished history. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and appears in the Hindu calendar as a September birthstone. Zircon exhibits a remarkable range of colors, with blue being a particularly popular variety. It possesses a vitreous to adamantine luster, meaning it can appear brilliantly shiny. Zircon is believed to provide guidance and grounding, promoting inner joy and peace.
Agate: Stabilizing and Protective
Agate, a form of chalcedony found in volcanic rock, was considered a September birthstone in ancient Tibet. These gems are known for their banded patterns, created by variations in chemical composition. Agates come in a wide array of colors and are often used in cabochons and beads. Spiritually, agate is believed to enhance concentration, even out auras, and eliminate negativity.
Sardonyx: Radiating Optimism
Sardonyx, a banded variety of onyx, was a September birthstone in Rome and Italy. It is considered a strong protective stone, radiating positive energy and fostering optimism and confidence. Sardonyx is also believed to aid students in retaining information.
Moonstone: Calming and Intuitive
Moonstone, named for its ethereal glow – known as the Schiller effect – is another option for a September birthstone. It can be found in various colors, including blue, pink, black, peach, and white. Moonstone is associated with calming the mind, sharpening intuition, and inspiring creativity. A myth suggests that holding moonstone in the mouth during a full moon can grant glimpses into the future.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
The gemological properties of the primary September birthstones vary considerably. The following table provides a brief overview:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Luster | Common Colors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sapphire | Al₂O₃ | 9 | Vitreous | Blue, Pink, Yellow, Green |
| Lapis Lazuli | (Na,Ca)₈Al₆Si₆O₂₄S₆ | 5-6 | Vitreous to Dull | Deep Blue |
| Peridot | MgSiO₄ | 6.5-7 | Vitreous | Olive Green |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5-7.5 | Vitreous to Adamantine | Blue, Brown, Red, Yellow |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The September birthstones are imbued with a wealth of symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. Sapphires represent sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Lapis Lazuli is associated with wisdom, intuition, and spiritual enlightenment. Peridot embodies compassion, balance, and emotional healing. Zircon promotes grounding, guidance, and inner peace. Agate offers stability, protection, and clarity. Sardonyx radiates optimism and confidence. And moonstone fosters intuition, calmness, and inspiration. These symbolic meanings contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones.
Care and Cleaning
The care and cleaning requirements for September birthstones vary depending on their hardness and composition. Sapphires, with their exceptional hardness, are relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Lapis Lazuli is softer and more porous, requiring gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and avoiding harsh chemicals. Peridot is also relatively soft and should be cleaned with care, avoiding ultrasonic cleaners. Zircon can be cleaned similarly to sapphire, while agate and sardonyx are quite durable and can withstand gentle cleaning. Moonstone is delicate and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap.
Conclusion
September’s birthstones represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. While sapphire is the most widely recognized gem for this month, the historical significance of lapis lazuli, peridot, zircon, agate, sardonyx, and moonstone adds depth and richness to the September birthstone palette. Each gem offers unique qualities and a compelling story, making September a truly diverse and captivating month for gemstone enthusiasts. The enduring appeal of these stones lies not only in their beauty but also in the centuries of lore and belief that surround them.