The concept of birthstones, linking gemstones to specific months, has evolved over centuries. While the practice of associating gems with astrological periods dates back to biblical times, the modern tradition of assigning a single stone to each month emerged between the 16th and 18th centuries, with further refinement by the National Association of Jewelers in 1912. August, however, stands out as having not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each possesses a unique history, geological origin, and set of characteristics that contribute to their enduring appeal. This article will explore the origins, properties, and significance of these three August birthstones.
A Historical Perspective on August Birthstones
Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original August birthstone, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years. Its presence in the High Priest’s breastplate, as described in the Old Testament, signifies its early importance. Roman soldiers utilized sardonyx rings, often carved with the image of Mars, believing they offered protection in battle. Today, the stone is associated with courage, happiness, and clear communication, symbolizing stability in relationships.
Peridot and spinel, while more recent additions to the August birthstone list, also boast rich histories. Peridot, often mistaken for emerald and topaz in antiquity, has been treasured for its vibrant green hue for millennia. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios. Spinel, for centuries, was misidentified as ruby, particularly the vibrant red varieties, and only recently gained recognition as a distinct and valuable gemstone in its own right.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these three stones are as diverse as their appearances. Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions. It is often found in hardened lava, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites originating from outer space. Sources for peridot include Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, and the United States.
Sardonyx, a form of chalcedony, is created through the banding of different colored layers of silica. Significant sources of sardonyx include India, known for its stones with strong color contrast, as well as Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States.
Spinel’s formation is less detailed in the provided sources, but it is noted as a gem consumers are increasingly seeking as an alternative to ruby, with which it was historically confused.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow color. It is the gem variety of olivine. The sources do not provide a specific chemical formula or refractive index for peridot, spinel, or sardonyx.
Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, registers between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale. This means it requires careful handling, particularly when set in jewelry, as it can be susceptible to scratches. It is also noted that sardonyx is frequently dyed, and high heat can affect the color of these dyed stones.
The sources do not provide detailed gemological properties for spinel beyond its historical misidentification as ruby.
The following table summarizes the hardness of sardonyx:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Sardonyx | 6.5 - 7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these stones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Sardonyx, beyond its association with courage and happiness, is believed to bring stability to marriage and partnerships. Its historical use by Roman soldiers suggests a belief in its protective qualities.
Peridot has been linked to various beliefs, including its potential to counteract poison and cure leprosy, strengthen sight and memory, and even influence sexual activity – a belief that caused it to break if worn during intercourse. While these ancient claims are not scientifically supported, they demonstrate the enduring power of gemstones to capture the human imagination.
Spinel’s symbolism is not detailed in the provided sources.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these August birthstones. Sardonyx, due to its moderate hardness, requires careful handling. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be used with caution, and warm soapy water with a soft-bristle brush is the safest cleaning method. It is important to note that dyed sardonyx can be affected by high heat.
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for peridot or spinel, but general gemstone care guidelines – avoiding harsh chemicals and abrasive materials – would be prudent.
Conclusion
Peridot, spinel, and sardonyx represent a diverse and fascinating trio of August birthstones. From the ancient origins of sardonyx and the celestial origins of peridot to the historical confusion surrounding spinel, each stone carries a unique story. While the modern association of specific birthstones to each month is a relatively recent development, the practice of attributing meaning and power to gemstones dates back millennia. These three stones, with their distinct histories, geological formations, and symbolic associations, continue to captivate and inspire, offering a beautiful and meaningful connection to the month of August.