June is uniquely blessed with not one, but three recognized birthstones: alexandrite, pearl, and moonstone. Each gem carries its own distinct history, properties, and symbolism, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the month itself. While pearl historically held the sole designation as June’s birthstone, the modern list expanded to include the captivating color-changing alexandrite and the ethereal moonstone, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in this vibrant summer month.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, rooted in beliefs about their magical properties and connections to astrological signs. These stones were thought to bestow luck, healing, and prosperity upon their wearers. The practice evolved over centuries, with different cultures and eras assigning varying gemstones to each month.
For June, the pearl boasts the longest-standing association. Ancient Romans linked June, originally called Junius or lunius, to Juno, the goddess of marriage, and the iuniores, meaning “youth.” Pearls, symbolizing purity and innocence, were considered fitting for this association.
Alexandrite, a more recent addition to the birthstone family, was discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the 1830s. Its discovery coincided with the coming of age of Czar Alexander II, and the gem was named in his honor. The stone’s remarkable color change – displaying green or blue in daylight and red or purple under incandescent light – mirrored the imperial military colors of Russia, further cementing its connection to the royal family.
Moonstone’s history is equally rich, with ties to both Roman and Greek lunar deities. Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian, attributed the gem’s shimmering appearance to the shifting phases of the moon, hence the name “moonstone.” In Hindu mythology, moonstone was believed to be solidified moonbeams, embodying love, passion, and fertility.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a rare variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, responsible for its color-changing property. Initially discovered in Russia, alexandrite is now also mined in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa. The gem’s formation requires the presence of beryllium and chromium, elements that rarely occur together in nature, contributing to its scarcity.
Pearls are unique among gemstones as they are organic, formed within mollusks. Natural pearls are created as a defense mechanism against irritants, such as parasites or grains of sand, that enter the mollusk’s shell. The mollusk coats the irritant with layers of nacre, creating the lustrous pearl. Cultured pearls are produced through a similar process, but with human intervention to introduce the irritant. Natural pearls are typically found in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the waters off Australia, while cultured pearls are widely produced in Japan, China, and other tropical regions.
Moonstone is a form of the mineral feldspar, exhibiting a pearl-like luster due to light reflecting within its layered structure. It is found in various locations worldwide, including India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Australia. The most prized moonstones display a blue sheen against a white background.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite’s most defining characteristic is its pleochroism, the ability to display different colors depending on the angle of light. This phenomenon results in a dramatic color change, making it a highly sought-after gem. Alexandrite is a transparent yellow-green to greenish-blue stone under normal circumstances, transforming into shades of red, dark purple, or orange under polarized light.
Pearls are judged on their size, shape, luster, color, and surface quality. Natural pearls are often white or cream-colored, while cultured pearls are available in a wider range of colors, including pink, blue, purple, brown, and black. Their luster, or sheen, is a key factor in determining their value.
Moonstone’s defining optical property is adularescence – a shimmering, billowy effect caused by light scattering within the stone’s structure. This gives the gem its characteristic glow. Moonstone typically appears milky white or gray, with a white or silvery sheen. However, it can also be found in pink, orange, near-colorless, and multicolored varieties.
Here's a table summarizing key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color Change/Sheen | Luster | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandrite | Beryllium Aluminum Oxide (Chrysoberyl) | Yes (Emerald to Ruby) | Vitreous | Russia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, East Africa |
| Pearl | Calcium Carbonate | N/A | Pearly | Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Australia, Japan, China |
| Moonstone | Feldspar | Adularescence (Blue Sheen) | Vitreous/Pearly | India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Australia |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of June’s birthstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Alexandrite is often associated with luck and prosperity, and its changing colors are likened to the complexities of love.
Pearls have long symbolized purity, innocence, and faith. They are often associated with marriage and are believed to bring good fortune and happiness to the wearer.
Moonstone is linked to intuition, love, and fertility. Some cultures believe it can bring magical and beautiful dreams, while others used it as a remedy for insomnia and sleepwalking. Known as “The Traveller’s Stone,” it was also considered a protective charm for nighttime journeys. For those seeking love, a legend suggests setting an intention with a moonstone during a full moon and keeping it until the next full moon to attract a partner.
Astrologically, alexandrite is considered the best birthstone for Gemini, aligning with their desire for balance. Moonstone and pearl are particularly suited for Cancers, resonating with their ruling planetary body (the moon) and enhancing their natural intuition.
Care and Cleaning
Alexandrite, with a hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale, is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it should be protected from harsh impacts and extreme temperature changes. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Pearls are a softer gemstone, with a hardness of 2.5-4.5 on the Mohs scale. They are susceptible to damage from chemicals, cosmetics, and even perspiration. Pearls should be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth and mild soap. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Moonstone, with a hardness of 6-6.5 on the Mohs scale, requires gentle care. It should be protected from scratches and impacts. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
Conclusion
June’s birthstones – alexandrite, pearl, and moonstone – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the color-changing magic of alexandrite to the timeless elegance of pearls and the ethereal glow of moonstone, these gems offer a unique and meaningful connection to the month of June. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, their historical significance, or their purported metaphysical properties, these stones continue to enchant and inspire.