December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: Tanzanite, Turquoise, Zircon, and Blue Topaz. While Blue Topaz is sometimes included, the most frequently cited and historically significant are Turquoise, Zircon, and the more recently discovered Tanzanite. Each of these gemstones presents a captivating shade of blue, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season, and carries with it a rich history and unique symbolism. This article will explore the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding these December birthstones.
A History Rooted in Antiquity
Turquoise holds the longest documented history of the December birthstones, with evidence of its use dating back over 7,500 years to ancient Egypt. Pharaohs and rulers adorned themselves with this vibrant blue gem, believing it possessed protective qualities and signified prosperity. The name “Turquoise” itself is believed to originate from the French phrase “pierre tourgues,” meaning “Turkish stone,” as the gemstone first arrived in Europe via traders from Turkey. Active mining of Turquoise began as early as 2100 B.C. in Persia (modern-day Iran), with Persian Turquoise still considered highly prized.
While Turquoise enjoys the longest history, other gems have also been associated with December throughout time. Ruby was linked to the month in ancient traditions, believed to sharpen the mind and encourage love. Chrysoprase, the old Russian birthstone for December, was thought to bring good fortune and heal emotional wounds. Similarly, Onyx held significance as the Tibetan birthstone, offering self-mastery and protective energy. Prior to 1952, Lapis Lazuli was also considered a December birthstone, valued by ancient royalty and artists for its association with self-mastery and peace.
Zircon, though known for centuries, officially replaced Lapis Lazuli as a recognized December birthstone in 1952. Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967 and officially recognized in the United States in 2002.
Geological Formation and Global Sources
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, typically blue to green in color, often displaying distinctive veins of matrix – remnants of the host rock in which it formed. It forms through a chemical reaction involving copper, aluminum, and hydrated phosphate minerals. Today, the largest producers of Turquoise are the United States – specifically Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada – and China. Lesser sources include Mexico, Afghanistan, Chile, Russia, and Iran. The quality of Turquoise is often judged by its color; the most desirable stones are a vibrant “robin’s egg blue” with minimal veining or matrix.
Zircon, unlike Turquoise, comes in a wide variety of colors, including golden, red, and clear, but the blue variety is most commonly associated with December. Its formation involves complex geological processes within igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited geographical source contributes to its rarity and value. It forms within metamorphic rocks and is known for its strong trichroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Look
The December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties, contributing to their unique characteristics and appeal.
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon | Tanzanite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | ZrSiO4 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) |
| Color | Blue to Green | Blue, Red, Golden, Clear | Blue to Violet-Blue |
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent | Transparent |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 | 6-7 |
| Crystal System | Triclinic | Tetragonal | Triclinic |
Turquoise, with a Mohs hardness of 5-6, is relatively soft and requires careful handling. Zircon, ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, is more durable. Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6-7, also requires careful wear to avoid scratches and damage.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise, cherished for millennia, was believed to guarantee health and good fortune. Ancient cultures believed it offered protection, even preventing falls from horses and warning of impending disaster. Hindu mystics associated seeing Turquoise after a new moon with future wealth.
Zircon, particularly the blue variety, is believed to encourage joy and emotional balance. It is thought to promote a quiet vibration and a sense of calm.
Tanzanite, a more modern birthstone, is considered a protective and soothing stone, facilitating the calm and clear communication of spiritual insights. It is believed to connect individuals to higher realms of consciousness.
Blue Topaz, while not always listed among the traditional three, is associated with stimulating self-esteem and enhancing learning abilities. It is also believed to align meridians, calm emotions, and facilitate meditation.
Care and Maintenance
Due to their varying hardness levels, each December birthstone requires specific care to maintain its beauty. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh impacts. It is best cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals.
Zircon and Tanzanite, being more durable, can withstand slightly more rigorous cleaning. However, they should still be protected from scratches and extreme temperature changes. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended.
Regularly bathing gemstones in full moonlight is a practice suggested for energizing their properties. Cleansing with selenite or sage smoke is also recommended to maintain their energetic purity. Removing jewelry daily to allow the stones to rest is also advised.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon – offer a captivating spectrum of blue hues, each imbued with a rich history, unique geological origins, and symbolic significance. From the ancient protective powers attributed to Turquoise to the modern spiritual connection offered by Tanzanite, these gemstones provide a meaningful and beautiful way for December-born individuals to express their identity and connect with the enduring legacy of the gem world. The variety available ensures that anyone born in December can find a birthstone that resonates with their personal style and beliefs.