October is unique among the calendar months in possessing two recognized birthstones: opal and pink tourmaline. Both gemstones offer a stunning array of colors and captivating optical phenomena, making them cherished choices for those born in the tenth month. While opal holds the distinction as the traditional October birthstone, pink tourmaline has gained prominence as the modern alternative, celebrated for its vibrant hues and fascinating history. This article will delve into the origins, properties, symbolism, and historical significance of both these beautiful gems.
History and Lore
The story of opal stretches back to ancient times. Its name is believed to originate from the Sanskrit word upala, meaning “precious stone,” adopted into the Roman opalus. Ancient Greeks associated opal with the gift of prophecy and protection from disease, while Bedouins believed the gem contained lightning and descended from the sky during thunderstorms. Throughout history, Europeans considered opal a symbol of purity, hope, and truth, believing it embodied the virtues of all colored stones. The stone was also linked to the 14th wedding anniversary.
Pink tourmaline’s history, while not as ancient as opal’s, is equally compelling. In the late 19th century, the Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi of China developed a fervent passion for pink tourmaline, acquiring nearly the entire production from California mines. She even requested to be buried with a pillow of the gem, and the remainder of her collection was crafted into intricate carvings.
The formalization of birthstone lists in the 19th and early 20th centuries played a role in solidifying these associations. Tiffany & Co.’s 1870 pamphlet initially featured opal as October’s sole birthstone. However, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) in 1912 designated opal as the primary stone and tourmaline as an alternative, a distinction that continues today.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal is not a true crystal but a mineraloid – a naturally occurring amorphous substance. It is formed by the gradual heating of silica gel in cracks and voids within rocks. The resulting structure contains microscopic spheres of silica that diffract light, creating the characteristic “play-of-color.” Australia is the world’s primary source of precious opal, producing approximately 95% of the global supply. Opal is also found in Brazil, Mexico, Honduras, and the western United States.
Pink tourmaline, a variety of the elbaite mineral group, forms in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures. These crystals exhibit remarkable beauty when exposed to light. The gem is mined primarily in Brazil and various parts of Africa, including Tanzania, Nigeria, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi, and Namibia.
Gemological Properties
Both opal and pink tourmaline possess unique gemological properties. Opal is known for its play-of-color, a phenomenon caused by the diffraction of light within its structure. This effect displays rainbow hues, inspiring comparisons to fireworks, galaxies, and volcanoes. Opal’s hardness is relatively low, ranging from 5.5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, making it susceptible to scratches and requiring careful handling.
Pink tourmaline, on the other hand, exhibits a striking pink hue with variations throughout the color spectrum. Some crystals even display multiple colors, known as watermelon tourmaline. Tourmaline generally has a hardness of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than opal and suitable for everyday wear. The gem’s composition includes a variety of elements, contributing to its diverse color range.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Opal | Pink Tourmaline |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | Hydrated Silica (SiO₂·nH₂O) | Complex Borosilicate (Elbaite) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5.5 - 6.5 | 7 - 7.5 |
| Crystal System | Amorphous | Trigonal |
| Play-of-Color | Present | Absent |
| Transparency | Translucent to Opaque | Transparent to Translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and pink tourmaline have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Opal is often associated with purity, hope, and perspective. Ancient Romans referred to it as cupid paederos, or “child as beautiful as love.” Despite a period of superstition in the 19th century, many cultures, including the Chinese, considered opal a lucky stone. It is believed to enhance vision, boost cognitive abilities, and even offer glimpses into the future.
Pink tourmaline symbolizes compassion, open-mindedness, and forgiveness, earning it the nickname “Stone of Reconciliation.” It is believed to boost energy, encourage love, and smooth relationship troubles. Each color of tourmaline is thought to possess unique healing powers, with pink tourmaline specifically linked to emotional healing and promoting self-love.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its lower hardness, opal requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from impacts. Cleaning opal involves using a soft cloth and lukewarm soapy water. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Pink tourmaline, being more durable, can withstand more rigorous cleaning. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water, a soft brush, and a polishing cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for pink tourmaline, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled.
Conclusion
October’s birthstones, opal and pink tourmaline, represent a captivating duality. Opal, with its ancient history and mesmerizing play-of-color, embodies hope and inspiration. Pink tourmaline, a more modern addition, symbolizes compassion and emotional healing. Both gemstones offer unique beauty and significance, making them cherished gifts for those born in the tenth month and prized possessions for gemstone enthusiasts worldwide. Their distinct properties and rich lore ensure their continued appeal for generations to come.