Aquamarine, a captivating gemstone celebrated for its serene blue hues, holds the distinction as the primary birthstone for March. Revered for millennia, this variety of the beryl mineral family is intrinsically linked to the ocean, its name derived from the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (of the sea). Beyond its aesthetic appeal, aquamarine boasts a rich history steeped in lore, symbolism, and practical use, from safeguarding sailors to representing fidelity and clarity. This article delves into the geological origins, gemological properties, historical significance, and enduring appeal of aquamarine.
History and Lore
The history of aquamarine is deeply intertwined with maritime traditions and ancient beliefs. For centuries, sailors believed that aquamarine possessed the power to calm the waves and ensure a safe voyage. Ancient mariners carried the gem as a talisman, invoking its protective energies against the perils of the sea. This association extended to Roman fishermen, who utilized aquamarine for safe travels and bountiful catches.
Beyond seafaring, aquamarine held significance in various cultures. Roman physicians employed the gemstone in treating ailments such as overeating and bloating. Egyptian tombs have yielded aquamarine beads, demonstrating its value in ancient civilizations. In Greece, artisans engraved intricate designs onto aquamarine gemstones thousands of years ago. The stone was also linked to the apostle St. Thomas, a frequent traveler by sea, further solidifying its connection to maritime journeys.
Throughout history, aquamarine has been associated with positive attributes such as happiness in marriage, protection in battle, and intellectual clarity. Beryl, the mineral family to which aquamarine belongs, was believed to offer protection against foes and foster amiability. Some believed it could even render the wearer unconquerable and sharpen their intellect. Folklore often refers to aquamarine as “the treasure of the mermaids,” adding to its mystique and allure.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of beryl, a beryllium aluminum silicate mineral with the chemical formula Be3Al2(Si6O18). Beryl crystallizes in the hexagonal system, exhibiting a hardness ranging from 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications. It possesses imperfect cleavage and a vitreous luster.
The striking blue hues characteristic of aquamarine are attributed to trace amounts of iron within its crystal structure. The intensity of the blue color can vary, ranging from pale pastel shades to deeper greenish-blue tones. Larger aquamarines generally exhibit more intense coloration, while smaller stones tend to be less vivid.
Brazil is currently a primary source of aquamarine, yielding significant quantities of this gemstone. However, aquamarine is also found in Nigeria, Madagascar, Zambia, Pakistan, and Mozambique. Within the United States, notable sources include Riverside and San Diego counties in California, and Colorado, where aquamarine is designated as the state gemstone. Other beryl varieties used as gemstones include emerald (blue-green to green), goshenite (colorless), morganite (pink to violet), and golden beryl (heliodor). A rare red beryl is also found in Utah.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine’s gemological properties contribute to its beauty and desirability. Its refractive index ranges from approximately 1.57 to 1.58, or up to 1.58-1.59, influencing its brilliance and sparkle. The gem is optically uniaxial negative. Inclusions within aquamarine can include mica, hematite, and liquid-filled tubes or hoses. These liquid inclusions, often containing saltwater, can expand considerably when overheated, potentially causing fractures or, in rare instances, even explosions within the gemstone.
The color of aquamarine is a key factor in determining its value. While inherently a light crystal, some stones can achieve shades comparable to sapphire, though this is uncommon. Darker shades of blue are increasingly rare and, consequently, command higher prices. Aquamarine’s clarity is also noteworthy, with many faceted stones being free from visible inclusions, contributing to their water-like transparency.
A comparison of aquamarine’s hardness to other gemstones on the Mohs scale is as follows:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Talc | 1 |
| Gypsum | 2 |
| Calcite | 3 |
| Fluorite | 4 |
| Apatite | 5 |
| Orthoclase | 6 |
| Aquamarine | 7.5 - 8 |
| Topaz | 8 |
| Corundum (Ruby/Sapphire) | 9 |
| Diamond | 10 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine’s symbolism is deeply rooted in its connection to the sea. It is often associated with youth, hope, health, and fidelity. The gemstone is believed to embody eternal life, reflecting the enduring nature of water and the sky. Its soothing influence is thought to benefit married couples, making it a traditional gift for 19th wedding anniversaries.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute restorative properties to aquamarine, suggesting it possesses powerful energy capable of rejuvenating the body and mind. Some believe it can lift spirits, promote clear thinking, and offer provision and good luck. Aquamarine has also been associated with aiding in legal matters and litigation. Energy healers utilize bloodstone, an alternate March birthstone, for its perceived strong healing powers, enhancing mental and emotional strength and energy, and aligning with the lower chakras.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, aquamarine is a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. However, it is still susceptible to scratches and damage from impacts. To maintain its brilliance, aquamarine jewelry should be cleaned regularly with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the gemstone. Liquid inclusions within aquamarine can be sensitive to heat, so avoid exposing the gem to sudden temperature changes or prolonged direct sunlight.
Conclusion
Aquamarine stands as a captivating gemstone, embodying the tranquility and beauty of the sea. Its rich history, geological origins, and symbolic significance have cemented its place as a cherished birthstone for March. From ancient mariners seeking safe passage to modern jewelry enthusiasts appreciating its serene blue hues, aquamarine continues to inspire and enchant. Its durability, clarity, and association with positive attributes make it a timeless treasure, representing hope, health, and enduring fidelity.