For those born in August, a trio of gemstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – claim the honor of birthstone. Among these, peridot stands out with a history steeped in ancient lore and a vibrant green hue reminiscent of sun-drenched landscapes. Often called the “gem of the sun,” peridot has captivated civilizations for millennia, from the ancient Egyptians to modern jewelry enthusiasts. This article delves into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
A History Shrouded in Misidentification
Peridot’s story is intertwined with historical misidentification. For centuries, it was frequently confused with other green gemstones, particularly emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was believed to be the source of topaz, but in reality, yielded significant quantities of peridot. Ancient miners extracted this gem as early as the Ptolemaic dynasty, and it quickly became a favorite among royalty. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, a testament to its value and beauty in antiquity.
References to peridot appear in the Bible, and it was once considered a precursor to topaz in historical texts. George Frederick Kuntz, in his 1913 publication The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, noted that the “topaz” referenced in ancient writings was often, in fact, peridot. This confusion persisted for centuries, highlighting the gem’s unique appeal and the challenges in accurately identifying gemstones before modern gemological science.
Geological Origins and Global Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. It forms under extreme conditions, typically within the Earth’s mantle. The gem is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found within hardened lava flows, or, remarkably, even within meteorites. Peridot discovered in Pallasite meteorites, while often too small for jewelry, adds to the gem’s mystique and otherworldly allure.
While historically sourced from Zabargad Island in the Red Sea, peridot is now found in various locations worldwide. Notable sources include the United States, particularly in Arizona, where new discoveries have made peridot jewelry more accessible. Other sources include Myanmar, Brazil, Pakistan, and Vietnam. The gem’s formation within the Earth’s mantle and its presence in meteorites contribute to its unique origin story.
Gemological Characteristics: Color, Clarity, and More
Peridot’s defining characteristic is its color, ranging from yellowish-green to olive green. The intensity of the green hue depends on the amount of iron present within the stone. The most sought-after peridot stones exhibit a vibrant lime green or olive-green color. Unlike many gemstones, peridot consistently occurs in green shades, offering a unique color consistency.
Peridot typically exhibits a vitreous luster, giving it a sparkling appearance under both natural and artificial light. It is sometimes referred to as the “evening emerald” due to its capacity to sparkle.
Regarding hardness, peridot registers 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but susceptible to scratches and abrasions. Spinel, another August birthstone, is harder, scoring 8 on the Mohs scale. Peridot’s crystal system is orthorhombic. While inclusions are common, they generally do not detract significantly from the gem’s beauty.
Here's a summary of Peridot's key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-Green to Olive Green |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Ancient Egyptians believed peridot possessed protective powers and considered it a “gem of the sun.” It was thought to ward off evil spirits and bring good health.
In more recent times, peridot is often associated with prosperity, good fortune, and emotional balance. It is believed to promote happiness, reduce stress, and enhance creativity. Some believe it can also strengthen relationships and foster inner peace. As a birthstone, peridot is thought to bestow these positive qualities upon those born in August.
Care and Maintenance
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and maintenance. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials, so it should be stored separately from diamonds and other abrasive gemstones. Cleaning peridot jewelry can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s brilliance and luster.
The Modern August Birthstone Landscape
While peridot holds a long-standing tradition as an August birthstone, the landscape expanded in recent years. Spinel and sardonyx were added as alternative birthstones for August in 2016 by the Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA). This update provided those born in August with a wider selection of gemstones to choose from, reflecting evolving consumer preferences and a greater appreciation for diverse gemological options. Peridot, however, remains the classic and most widely recognized August birthstone, celebrated for its vibrant color, rich history, and enduring symbolism. It is also the traditional gift given for a 16th wedding anniversary.
Conclusion
Peridot, the “gem of the sun,” is a captivating gemstone with a history as vibrant as its color. From its ancient origins in the Red Sea to its modern-day appeal, peridot has enchanted cultures for millennia. Its unique geological formation, coupled with its symbolic associations with prosperity and good fortune, makes it a cherished birthstone for those born in August. Whether admired for its beauty, appreciated for its historical significance, or valued for its metaphysical properties, peridot continues to shine as a timeless gem.