For those born in November, the choice of birthstone isn’t limited to a single gem. Both topaz and citrine hold the honored position, offering a spectrum of color and a rich history steeped in lore and tradition. While golden topaz has been associated with November for approximately 1500 years, citrine gained recognition as an alternate in 1952, largely due to advancements in gem treatment techniques. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these November birthstones, exploring their history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and practical considerations for purchase.
A History of Association
The story of November’s birthstones is surprisingly complex. The association of topaz with the month dates back centuries, with golden varieties being particularly favored. The name “topaz” itself has debated origins, potentially stemming from the Sanskrit word tapas meaning “fire,” or from the ancient Greek topazos, referencing Zabargad Island in the Red Sea – though it’s likely the material mined there was actually peridot. Ancient Greeks believed topaz bestowed strength upon the wearer, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s considered it a ward against magic and a dispeller of anger. In India, wearing topaz over the heart was thought to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence.
However, the narrative doesn’t end with topaz. The inclusion of citrine as a November birthstone is a more recent development. Jewelers, after discovering methods to heat amethyst to create citrine, officially recognized it as an alternative in 1952. This has led some to suggest that citrine’s inclusion was, at least partially, driven by commercial interests. Furthermore, historical and mystical traditions offer a wider range of gems associated with November, including amethyst, emerald, garnet, and even aquamarine, depending on the astrological sign and cultural practice. The Moorish Zodiac, for example, assigns garnet to Scorpios and emerald to Sagittarians, while the Hindu Zodiac recognizes cat’s eye gemstones for November.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is an aluminum silicate mineral containing fluorine and hydroxyl. It crystallizes in orthorhombic crystals and is found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, often associated with pegmatites and rhyolites. Notable sources of topaz include Russia, Japan, Madagascar, Ukraine, Brazil, and the United States (specifically Texas). The Smithsonian’s National Gem Collection boasts a stunning array of topaz specimens originating from these locations, ranging in weight from 18 to 816 carats.
Citrine, on the other hand, is a variety of quartz, specifically silicon dioxide. Its yellow to orange hues are often the result of heat treatment applied to amethyst or smoky quartz. Natural citrine is rarer. Citrine forms in volcanic rocks and geodes. Brazil is a significant source of both natural and heat-treated citrine.
It’s important to note a historical misidentification. For over 2,000 years, yellow gems were often incorrectly labeled as topaz, including citrine and even smoky quartz. This confusion persisted until relatively recently, highlighting the challenges in gem identification prior to modern gemological techniques.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine possess distinct gemological properties. Topaz boasts a Mohs hardness of 8, making it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It exhibits a vitreous luster and a specific gravity ranging from 3.498 to 3.570. Topaz occurs in a wide spectrum of colors, including colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and, very rarely, red. However, much of the blue topaz available today is created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. The iridescent “Mystic Topaz” is produced by applying a thin artificial coating to colorless topaz.
Citrine, being a quartz variety, has a Mohs hardness of 7, slightly less durable than topaz. It also exhibits a vitreous luster, but its specific gravity is lower, ranging from 2.65 to 2.78. Citrine’s color ranges from pale yellow to deep orange, with the intensity often correlating with the amount of iron impurities present.
Here's a comparative table summarizing key properties:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Mohs Hardness | 8 | 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous |
| Specific Gravity | 3.498 – 3.570 | 2.65 – 2.78 |
| Common Colors | Yellow, Blue, Pink | Yellow, Orange |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both topaz and citrine have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Topaz is often associated with love and affection, as well as strength and intellect. Ancient beliefs suggest it could ward off negativity and promote healing. Some traditions link topaz to specific Guardian Angels, with amethyst and topaz being talismanic stones for Adnachiel, November’s Guardian Angel.
Citrine, often referred to as the “merchant’s stone,” is believed to attract wealth and prosperity. It’s also associated with joy, abundance, and positive energy. Both gemstones are generally considered to possess calming energies, bringing warmth and fortune to the wearer.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its higher hardness, topaz is relatively resistant to scratching. However, it does possess perfect basal cleavage, meaning it can be cleaved along a specific plane, potentially leading to breakage if subjected to a sharp blow. Cleaning topaz is best done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, especially for treated topaz.
Citrine, with its lower hardness, is more susceptible to scratches. It should be cleaned similarly to topaz – with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution. Both gemstones should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Purchasing Considerations
When purchasing topaz or citrine, several factors should be considered. Color is a primary factor, with vibrant and saturated hues generally being more desirable. Clarity, or the absence of inclusions, also impacts value. Cut quality is crucial for maximizing brilliance and fire. For topaz, be aware that much of the blue topaz on the market is treated, and the treatment is permanent. “Mystic Topaz” with its rainbow effect is created by a coating, which can be less durable.
For citrine, it’s important to determine whether the stone is natural or heat-treated. Natural citrine is rarer and typically more valuable. Reputable jewelers will disclose any treatments applied to the gemstone. Shopping from trusted sources is essential to avoid purchasing misrepresented or synthetic materials.
Conclusion
November’s birthstones, topaz and citrine, offer a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From ancient beliefs in their protective powers to modern associations with prosperity and joy, these gems continue to enchant and inspire. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the lore surrounding birthstones, understanding the unique characteristics of topaz and citrine allows for a deeper appreciation of their enduring appeal. The choice between the two ultimately comes down to personal preference, as both offer a stunning and meaningful connection to the month of November.