Zircon, often appearing as the alphabetically last birthstone on lists, is a gemstone with a surprisingly long and varied history. While frequently overshadowed by diamonds – for which it was once a common substitute – zircon possesses a unique brilliance and a spectrum of natural colors that make it a fascinating subject for gem enthusiasts and a beautiful choice for jewelry. This article will explore the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and modern usage of zircon, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
Zircon has been utilized as a gemstone for centuries, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient times. Its historical context is somewhat limited within the provided sources, but it is established as one of the oldest known gemstones, used even in Biblical times. Historically, colorless zircon was particularly valued as a diamond simulant. This practice highlights the gem’s inherent brilliance, a quality that allowed it to convincingly mimic the more highly prized diamond.
The sources indicate that zircon is the modern birthstone for December, though its association with this month is relatively recent, formalized alongside the addition of Tanzanite as a December birthstone. The traditional birthstones for December, as noted, are Turquoise. The sources do not detail any specific lore or mythology directly associated with zircon beyond its use as a substitute for diamonds.
Geological Formation and Sources
Zircon is a silicate of zirconium, forming deep within the Earth. It is occasionally brought to the surface through volcanic activity, earning it the evocative nickname "Pele's Tears," a reference to the Hawaiian volcano goddess of fire, Pele. Remarkably, zircon has even been discovered within certain types of meteorites, adding an extraterrestrial dimension to its origins.
The sources provide limited detail regarding specific mining locations. However, they mention that significant diamond deposits are found in South Africa and Siberia, and zircon is often found in conjunction with these deposits. Additionally, zircon has been commercially mined in Canada and Colorado. The sources also state that major topaz mines are in Brazil, Mexico and Sri Lanka, and that zircon is often found in these locations as well.
Gemological Properties
Zircon exhibits a range of gemological properties that contribute to its appeal. Its Mohs hardness ranges from 6.5 to 7.5, making it reasonably durable for jewelry use, though not as resistant to scratching as harder stones like diamonds or sapphires. The sources note that zircon is one of the most brilliant of all colored gems.
Zircon occurs in a wide variety of natural colors, including yellows, pinks, oranges, browns, and even colorless varieties. Notably, natural blue zircon is rare, and the blue zircon commonly found in the market has typically been irradiated in a laboratory to achieve its color. This irradiation process is a standard practice in the gem industry to enhance or alter the color of certain gemstones.
The sources also mention that zircon is a heavy gemstone, being the heaviest known gemstone. This high density contributes to its brilliance and overall feel. The sources do not provide information on zircon’s refractive index, specific gravity, or chemical formula.
Here's a table summarizing the gemological properties mentioned in the sources:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7.5 |
| Brilliance | High |
| Colors | Yellow, Pink, Orange, Brown, Colorless, Blue (often irradiated) |
| Density | Very High |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The provided sources do not offer any information regarding the symbolism or metaphysical beliefs associated with zircon. While many gemstones are imbued with cultural or spiritual significance, the available materials focus solely on the gem’s physical and historical aspects.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, zircon requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. The sources note that topaz, a stone with a similar hardness, has a cleavage plane that can shear if hit hard, and while this is not explicitly stated for zircon, it is reasonable to assume that similar caution should be exercised. Proper cutting of zircon can minimize the risk of damage by positioning any potential cleavage planes at an angle. Regular cleaning with mild soap and warm water is recommended to maintain its brilliance.
Conclusion
Zircon is a gemstone with a rich history and a captivating array of colors. From its ancient use as a diamond substitute to its modern status as a December birthstone, zircon has maintained a place in the world of gemstones. Its brilliance, coupled with its relatively affordable price point, makes it an attractive option for jewelry lovers. While the available sources provide a limited overview of this fascinating gem, they highlight its unique geological origins, historical significance, and gemological properties. Further research would be needed to fully explore the cultural lore and metaphysical beliefs associated with zircon, but the information presented here offers a solid foundation for understanding this often-overlooked gemstone.