Alexandrite, a captivating gemstone celebrated for its dramatic color-shifting abilities, holds the esteemed position of a June birthstone and the recognized gem for the 55th wedding anniversary. Its history is interwoven with Russian royalty, military symbolism, and a unique geological origin, contributing to its enduring allure and significant value. This article will delve into the history, geological sources, gemological properties, and current understanding of this remarkable stone, drawing solely from available research.
History and Lore
The story of alexandrite’s discovery is rooted in 19th-century Russia. While some accounts suggest potential earlier findings as far back as the late 1700s, the generally accepted narrative places its initial discovery in the Ural Mountains around 1833. Miners initially mistook the stone for emerald, but its unusual property of changing color under different light sources soon revealed its distinct identity. The gem was sent to Nils Gustav Nordenskjold, a Finnish mineralogist, for evaluation, who confirmed it was a previously unknown gemstone.
In 1834, Count Lev Alekseevich Perovskii, a Russian mineralogist, bestowed the name “alexandrite” upon the gem in honor of the then-Tsesarevich (heir apparent) Alexander II, who was celebrating his 16th birthday. This act of homage linked the gemstone to the Russian imperial family. The timing was particularly significant, as alexandrite’s color combination of green in daylight and red under incandescent light mirrored the military colors of imperial Russia, further solidifying its status as a national gemstone and enhancing its prestige. Alexander II later ascended to the throne as Czar of Russia in 1855, further cementing the gem’s association with the ruling dynasty.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite’s formation is closely tied to specific geological conditions. It is often found as a byproduct of mining operations focused on other gemstones, such as emerald and corundum, making reliable sample collection challenging. The original and most celebrated source of alexandrite was the Ural Mountains in Russia. However, these deposits were eventually exhausted.
Today, the primary sources of alexandrite include Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa. While these newer deposits yield some fine-quality stones, they often exhibit less pronounced color change and muddier hues compared to the 19th-century Russian alexandrites. Brazilian alexandrite is frequently sourced from the Hematita deposit in Minas Gerais. Recent discoveries in Tanzania and Zimbabwe have also contributed to the supply, though origin determination can be complex. Research conducted by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) indicates that alexandrite from Russia and Brazil generally commands higher prices than material from Tanzania and Zimbabwe, even with comparable attributes.
The GIA initiated a research project in 2016 to improve geographic origin determination, recognizing its impact on value. This research relies on analyzing trace element chemistry, color-change ranges, and inclusion scenes. Obtaining reliable samples with known provenance remains a significant hurdle, as alexandrite is often recovered incidentally during mining for other gems.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite is a relatively hard gemstone, registering 8.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This durability, coupled with its excellent toughness and lack of cleavage, makes it suitable for use in jewelry, including rings designed for daily wear. The most defining characteristic of alexandrite is its remarkable color change. In daylight or fluorescent light, it typically appears green to bluish-green. However, under incandescent light, it transforms to a reddish-purple hue. This phenomenon is due to the gem’s ability to absorb different wavelengths of light depending on the light source.
The presence of certain inclusions can also create additional optical effects. For example, parallel inclusions can cause chatoyancy, also known as the cat’s-eye effect, resulting in a striking band of light across the gem’s surface.
Determining the geographic origin of alexandrite is an evolving field of study. The GIA has been actively researching this topic since 2016, utilizing trace element analysis, colorimetry, and inclusion characteristics to differentiate stones from various localities. The development of reliable origin determination methods is driven by market demand, as origin significantly influences a stone’s value.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While the provided sources do not detail specific metaphysical beliefs associated with alexandrite, its historical connection to Russian royalty and military symbolism imbues it with a sense of power and prestige. The gem’s color change itself can be interpreted as a symbol of transformation and adaptability. Its association with the month of June and the 55th wedding anniversary further reinforces its symbolism of enduring love and commitment.
Care and Cleaning
Alexandrite’s hardness and toughness make it a relatively durable gemstone. It can be safely cleaned with warm, soapy water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally considered safe for alexandrite as well. However, as with any gemstone, it is advisable to exercise caution and avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Conclusion
Alexandrite stands as a testament to the beauty and rarity found within the earth. Its captivating color change, historical ties to Russian royalty, and unique geological origins contribute to its enduring appeal. The ongoing research into its geographic origin further enhances its value and understanding. As a June birthstone and a symbol of lasting commitment, alexandrite continues to fascinate and inspire gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.