Alexandrite is a remarkably rare gemstone celebrated for its distinctive color-changing ability and association with the month of June. Recognized as a birthstone for those born in June, alongside pearl, and commemorating the fifty-fifth wedding anniversary, alexandrite holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. Its captivating optical phenomenon, coupled with a fascinating history and purported metaphysical properties, makes it a highly sought-after treasure for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts alike. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological characteristics, symbolism, and care of this extraordinary gem.
History and Lore
Alexandrite’s story began in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1830, where it was first discovered by Finnish mineralogist Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld. Initially mistaken for emerald due to its initial green appearance, it was soon identified as a unique variety of chrysoberyl exhibiting a remarkable color change. The gem was named in honor of Prince Alexander II of Russia, who was heir to the throne at the time of its discovery.
The original Russian alexandrite was highly prized, possessing a strong color change from a vibrant green in daylight or fluorescent light to a deep reddish-purple under incandescent light. This dramatic shift in hue quickly captured the attention of the gemological world and cemented alexandrite’s status as a gemstone of distinction.
In the 1950s, alexandrite gained further recognition as an additional birthstone for June, expanding its commercial appeal. However, the subsequent production of synthetic alexandrite in the 1960s, created through methods like flux growth, hydrothermal procedures, and melting, offered a more affordable alternative, though possessing identical physical properties to the natural stone. Today, both natural and lab-created alexandrite are available, with natural stones commanding significantly higher prices due to their rarity. Alexandrite is also traditionally associated with the 45th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite’s formation requires a rare confluence of geological conditions. It is a variety of chrysoberyl, a beryllium aluminum oxide (BeAl2O4) with chromium impurities. The presence of chromium is crucial for the color-change effect. These gems form in metamorphic rocks, specifically in pegmatites, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks. The simultaneous presence of beryllium and chromium is uncommon, contributing to the gem’s scarcity.
The Ural Mountains of Russia were historically the primary source of alexandrite. However, production from this region has significantly declined. Today, alexandrite is also found in Sri Lanka, East Africa (particularly Tanzania and Kenya), Brazil, and India. The color change exhibited by alexandrite from different localities can vary; Russian alexandrite is renowned for its strong, distinct color change, while stones from other regions may exhibit a more subtle shift.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite possesses a unique combination of gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value. It registers 8.5 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications. Its chemical formula is BeAl2O4+Cr, indicating the presence of chromium, which is responsible for its color-changing ability.
The refractive index of alexandrite ranges from 1.745 to 1.759, contributing to its brilliance. Its density falls between 3.70 and 3.78. Alexandrite can range in clarity from transparent to opaque.
The most defining characteristic of alexandrite is its pleochroism and color change. Pleochroism is the exhibition of different colors when viewed from different angles. Alexandrite displays strong pleochroism, showing shades of green, red, and yellow. The color change is most pronounced when transitioning between daylight or fluorescent light (where it appears green or bluish-green) and incandescent light (where it appears red or purplish-red). The more dramatic and distinct the color change, the more valuable the stone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history and in modern practices, alexandrite has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is often associated with good luck, fortune, and balance. Some believe it fosters emotional stability and encourages wearers to listen to their feelings, promoting emotional maturity and acceptance of change.
Astrologers recommend alexandrite for individuals born under the Cancer zodiac sign, though caution is advised for those born under Taurus, Sagittarius, Virgo, and Gemini. It is believed to activate the Heart, Throat, and Third Eye Chakras, promoting healing and spiritual awareness.
Alexandrite is also thought to channel positive energy, ward off negativity, boost self-esteem, and enhance creativity and intellectual powers. It is considered a protective stone, safeguarding the wearer from harm and negative influences. Some believe it can aid in the treatment of neurological and reproductive system ailments, regenerate neurological tissues, soothe inflammation, and detoxify the liver. However, it is crucial to remember that these metaphysical beliefs should not replace conventional medical treatment.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale, alexandrite is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it still requires careful handling and cleaning to maintain its brilliance and protect its integrity.
Alexandrite should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. It is best to remove alexandrite jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Store alexandrite jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. Regular cleaning and careful storage will help preserve the beauty of this exceptional gemstone for generations to come.
Conclusion
Alexandrite stands as a testament to the wonders of nature, a rare and captivating gemstone celebrated for its unique color-changing ability and rich history. From its discovery in the Ural Mountains to its modern status as a coveted birthstone and symbol of good fortune, alexandrite continues to enchant and inspire. Its combination of exceptional gemological properties, intriguing lore, and purported metaphysical benefits makes it a truly remarkable treasure, worthy of appreciation by gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology alike.