Peridot, the captivating yellowish-green to greenish-yellow gem variety of olivine, holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. As one of the three birthstones for August, alongside spinel and sardonyx, peridot boasts a history steeped in ancient lore and a fascinating geological origin – one that includes journeys from the depths of the Earth and even from outer space. Valued for centuries, this gem has been misidentified as emerald and topaz, yet maintains a distinct identity and enduring appeal. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable birthstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back millennia. The name “peridot” originates from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” However, its history is intertwined with confusion regarding other green gemstones. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was historically believed to be a source of topaz, but in reality, yielded significant quantities of peridot. This misattribution led to the gem being initially known by the wrong name.
Ancient civilizations held peridot in high regard. Priests adorned themselves with peridot jewelry as early as the second century BCE, and the gem found its way into the chalices and churches of medieval Europe. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, sourced from the Egyptian island of Zabargad. The island itself earned ominous nicknames like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (“snake island”) due to the challenging mining conditions.
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, peridot was considered a protective talisman, believed to shield the wearer from evil spirits and “terrors of the night.” This belief contributed to its continued use in religious artifacts and personal adornment. Today, peridot is also recognized as the gemstone celebrating a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is as remarkable as its history. Unlike many gemstones formed in specific geological settings, peridot originates from two primary sources: deep within the Earth’s mantle and from meteorites. The gem is formed under extreme conditions, carried to the surface through volcanic activity in hardened lava.
While some peridot arrives on Earth via meteorites, the majority is sourced from specific locations around the globe. Currently, significant deposits are found in China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States.
The Egyptian island of Zabargad remains a historically important source, with mining potentially beginning as early as 340–279 BCE. In the United States, Arizona is a notable producer, specifically from the San Carlos Apache Reservation. The Peridot Mesa in Arizona, a 90-meter high deposit, is estimated to yield thousands of carats annually, mined primarily by hand using traditional methods. Other US states with peridot occurrences include Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, and North Carolina. Peridot Beach in Hawaii is particularly unique, as the sands themselves shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the presence of peridot grains.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is unique in that it naturally occurs in only one color: green. However, the shade of green can vary considerably, ranging from yellow-green to brown-green, with the most valuable specimens exhibiting a dark-olive green hue. This color is due to the iron content within the gem’s chemical structure. Specifically, ferrous iron (Fe2+) creates the green color, while ferric iron (Fe3+) contributes to yellow tones. Trace amounts of chromium can enhance the brightness of the green.
As an idiochromatic gem, peridot’s color is an inherent property of its chemical composition, rather than being caused by impurities. Peridot is comprised of magnesium, iron, silicon, and oxygen, forming an olivine mineral.
On the Mohs hardness scale, peridot rates between 6.5 and 7, making it softer than many popular gemstones like sapphire (9). This relative softness makes peridot more susceptible to scratches and abrasion, requiring careful handling and storage. The gem’s chemical formula places it within the forsterite-fayalite solid-solution series, part of the olivine group of minerals.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellow-Green to Brown-Green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. As previously mentioned, it was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off evil spirits and nightmares. Its association with the sun likely contributed to this belief, as the gem’s vibrant green color was seen as embodying the sun’s energy and vitality.
The gem’s connection to ancient priests and religious artifacts further reinforces its spiritual significance. It was considered a stone of purification and renewal, capable of enhancing spiritual growth and promoting inner peace. While specific metaphysical beliefs vary, peridot is often associated with abundance, prosperity, and emotional balance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, peridot requires careful handling and maintenance. It is not recommended for daily wear, as it is prone to scratches and damage. Exposure to acids and acidic perspiration should also be avoided, as these can affect the gem’s surface.
Cleaning peridot jewelry should be done gently with a soft-bristle brush, mild soap, and warm water. Ultrasonic cleaners should not be used, as peridot is vulnerable to thermal shock.
Proper storage is also crucial. Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. Wrapping the jewelry in a soft cloth or placing it in a padded pouch is recommended.
Conclusion
Peridot, the August birthstone, is a gem of captivating beauty and intriguing origins. From its ancient history and association with royalty to its unique formation within the Earth’s mantle and even in meteorites, peridot offers a compelling story. Its vibrant green hues, coupled with its symbolic significance and relatively accessible price point, make it a cherished gemstone for enthusiasts and collectors alike. While its softness requires careful handling, the enduring allure of this “gem of the sun” ensures its continued appreciation for generations to come.