The month of June is uniquely represented by not one, but three birthstones: pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite. While pearl has the longest history associated with June, the inclusion of moonstone and, later, alexandrite demonstrates the evolving nature of birthstone traditions and the influence of the jewelry industry in shaping these customs. This article will explore the history, geological origins (where available), gemological properties, symbolism, and cultural significance of these three gemstones, drawing solely from the provided sources.
History and Lore
The earliest recorded use of pearls dates back to 2206 BC, when they were presented as gifts to Chinese royalty. Archaeological evidence further suggests prehistoric use of mother-of-pearl in the Indus Valley and Sri Lanka. A significant find, the “Susa Pearls” necklace, dates to around 420 BC, demonstrating the long-standing appreciation for these organic gems. In ancient civilizations, pearls were highly valued, representing purity, modesty, and chastity. They were even believed to possess life-restoring powers.
Moonstone and alexandrite have a comparatively shorter history as established birthstones. Pearl was the sole designated birthstone for June in Tiffany & Co.’s 1870 publication of “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” The standardization efforts of the National Association of Jewellers in 1912 initially listed pearl as the primary June birthstone, with moonstone as an alternative. This listing persisted in the 1937 UK list from the National Association of Goldsmiths. The significant change came in the 1950s when the Jewelry Industry Council of America added alexandrite to the June birthstone list. The motivation behind this addition appears to be linked to a belief among jewelers that alexandrite was more readily available than pearl, a notion that is not currently accurate.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources offer limited detailed gemological information. Garnet is mentioned as having a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7.5, and amethyst has a Mohs hardness of 7. Pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite’s hardness are not specified. Pearl is described as an organic gemstone, while the sources mention quartz and chalcedony gems with various colors and patterns.
Pearl’s color is noted as white or purple. Alexandrite is mentioned, but its color-changing properties are not detailed. The sources do not provide information on the chemical composition, refractive index, or clarity of any of these three June birthstones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Pearls have historically symbolized purity, chastity, and modesty. They were believed to possess life-restoring powers and were associated with regal status. Garnets, mentioned in relation to January’s birthstone, were believed to protect from evil and provide a sense of calm. Amethyst, the February birthstone, was worn in ancient Rome to prevent intoxication and bring tranquility, symbolizing peace.
Emeralds, the May birthstone, represent rebirth and are believed to bestow foresight, good fortune, and youth. They are also associated with wisdom, growth, patience, and true love. Diamonds, the April birthstone, symbolize courage and true love. Rubies, for July, arouse the senses and are said to guarantee health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Peridot, for August, is believed to host magical powers and protect against nightmares. Aquamarine, for March, bestows courage and insight.
The sources suggest a broader belief in the power of gemstones to influence health, fortune, and emotional well-being. However, the specific metaphysical properties attributed to pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite are not detailed within the provided materials.
The Evolution of Birthstone Lists
The concept of associating gemstones with specific months or zodiac signs has ancient roots, but the standardization of birthstone lists is a relatively modern phenomenon. Prior to the 20th century, customs varied widely. The National Association of Jewelers played a pivotal role in establishing a standardized American birthstone list in 1912. This list was subsequently modified in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, with the addition of alexandrite for June, among other changes. Further additions occurred in 2002 with the inclusion of Tanzanite for December and in 2016 with the addition of spinel for August.
The existence of both modern and traditional birthstone lists allows individuals to choose the gem that best resonates with their preferences. Alternative birthstone lists based on astrological signs, guardian angels, seasons, and birth hours further expand the options available.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources offer limited guidance on the care and cleaning of these gemstones. However, a general reference to jewelry care and maintenance is provided, suggesting that specific advice can be found elsewhere. Given the organic nature of pearls, it is reasonable to assume they require gentle cleaning and should be protected from harsh chemicals. The hardness of moonstone and alexandrite (which is not specified) would influence the appropriate cleaning methods.
Conclusion
The June birthstones – pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite – represent a fascinating intersection of history, tradition, and commercial influence. While pearl boasts the longest and most established association with the month, the inclusion of moonstone and alexandrite reflects the evolving nature of birthstone customs and the jewelry industry’s role in shaping these traditions. The symbolism associated with these gems, ranging from purity and modesty to foresight and good fortune, continues to resonate with individuals seeking meaningful connections to the natural world. The standardization of birthstone lists, while providing clarity, also acknowledges the diversity of historical and cultural practices surrounding these captivating gemstones.