July is represented by two captivating gemstones: the ruby and the onyx. While ruby is traditionally recognized as the primary July birthstone, onyx holds a significant historical connection to the month and remains a popular alternative. Both stones boast rich histories, unique geological origins, and symbolic meanings that have resonated across cultures for centuries. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these July birthstones, exploring their history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care.
History and Lore
The ruby’s history is deeply interwoven with tales of power, passion, and protection. Ancient Indians revered the ruby, calling it the “king of precious stones” due to its exceptional rarity, hardness, and perceived mystical qualities. It was believed to embody the life force, symbolizing vitality and energy, and was prominently featured in Indian jewelry. Warriors in Burma (now Myanmar) held the belief that rubies rendered them invincible in battle. Medieval Europeans associated the gem with health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. The ruby’s association with July extends to its traditional use as a gift for 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries.
Onyx also possesses a long and storied past as a July birthstone. Its association with the month dates back to the 15th century, appearing in Jewish, Roman, and European traditions. For centuries, it was widely accepted as the primary gemstone for July, celebrated for its striking appearance and believed metaphysical properties. However, in 1912, the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) standardized a list of birthstones, designating ruby as the primary July birthstone in the United States. Despite this change, onyx continues to be recognized as an alternative or secondary birthstone, particularly favored for its modern aesthetic and symbolic grounding qualities. Its connection to the zodiac sign Leo, which partially falls within July, further reinforces its association with the month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, receiving their vibrant red hue from trace amounts of chromium. The intensity of the red color is directly proportional to the amount of chromium present – the more chromium, the deeper and more saturated the red. Rubies are formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks.
The sources for rubies are varied, with significant deposits found in several regions. The finest rubies, known for their “pigeon’s blood” color – a deep red with a hint of purple – historically originated in Burma (Myanmar). Other notable sources include locations across Asia, though specific details regarding modern mining locations are not provided in the available sources.
Onyx, in contrast to ruby, is not a single mineral but a banded variety of chalcedony, a form of silica. Its formation occurs in the cavities of lava flows, where silica-rich solutions deposit layers of chalcedony over time, creating the characteristic banded pattern. The sources of onyx are not detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties
Ruby:
- Mineral: Corundum (Aluminum Oxide - Al₂O₃)
- Color: Primarily red, ranging from pinkish-red to purplish-red. The most prized color is “pigeon’s blood” red.
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 9.0 – second only to diamond.
- Luster: Vitreous (glass-like)
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
Onyx:
The gemological properties of onyx are not detailed in the provided sources.
The hardness of ruby is a particularly noteworthy characteristic, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. This durability, combined with its striking color, contributes to its enduring appeal.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Rubies have long been associated with powerful symbolism. In ancient India, they represented vitality and youthful energy. Throughout history, rubies have been linked to passion, love, courage, and protection. Some cultures believed rubies could predict misfortune or danger, while others attributed healing properties to the stone, claiming it could cure inflammatory diseases and soothe anger.
Onyx is similarly imbued with symbolic meaning. It is often associated with grounding, protection, and strength. Historically, it was believed to ward off negative energy and provide a sense of stability. The stone’s connection to Leo, the zodiac sign associated with confidence and leadership, further reinforces its association with strength and vitality. Some sources suggest agate, a related gemstone, was also used as a birthstone for those born between July 1-22, believed to offer protection from infections and ensure a long, prosperous life.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, ruby is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it still requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Regular cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions for onyx. However, as a variety of chalcedony, it is generally less durable than ruby and should be handled with care.
Alternative July Birthstones
While ruby and onyx are the primary birthstones for July, several alternative gemstones are also associated with the month. These include amber, carnelian, citrine, garnet, and topaz. Amber, a fossilized resin, was used as currency in ancient times and prized for its unique inclusions of insects and other organic matter. Topaz, particularly yellow topaz, was valued for its association with strength and vigor. These alternative birthstones offer a wider range of colors and properties for those seeking a unique and meaningful gemstone.
Conclusion
The July birthstones, ruby and onyx, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Ruby, the “king of precious stones,” embodies passion, courage, and vitality, while onyx offers grounding, protection, and a sleek, modern aesthetic. Both gemstones have resonated with cultures for centuries, serving as symbols of power, love, and good fortune. Whether chosen for their historical significance, gemological properties, or personal meaning, these July birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.