December is unique among the months, boasting not one, but a spectrum of birthstones. While blue is the dominant hue associated with this winter month, the tradition encompasses a fascinating array of gemstones – turquoise, zircon, topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli – each with its own history, lore, and appeal. This article delves into the origins, properties, and significance of these December birthstones, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the rich symbolism embedded within these captivating gems.
A History of December’s Gems
The association of specific gemstones with each month dates back to ancient times, though the specific stones assigned have evolved. Turquoise and zircon have long been recognized as primary December birthstones, their cool colors reflecting the chill of winter. The practice of linking gemstones to birthdays isn’t a recent trend; its roots are deeply embedded in ancient medieval traditions. These colored gems were believed to be blessed, offering benefits to those who wore them in rings, pendants, and other jewelry.
Turquoise, in particular, holds a venerable place in history. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with it, and Chinese artisans were carving it over 3,000 years ago. The stone was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and from the 13th century onward, it was thought to protect wearers from physical harm, even breaking into pieces to warn of impending disaster. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring immense wealth. Lapis lazuli, another traditional December stone, was similarly valued in ancient civilizations for its association with wisdom and royalty, considered a stone of truth and enlightenment.
More recently, tanzanite and blue zircon have gained prominence as modern December birthstones, expanding the choices available to those born in this month. This multiplicity of options allows individuals to select a stone that resonates with their personal tastes and preferences.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are as diverse as the stones themselves. Turquoise is a secondary mineral, forming in arid regions through the interaction of copper-rich groundwater with aluminum and phosphorus-bearing rocks. It is often found in association with copper deposits. Tanzania is a significant source of turquoise, alongside the United States, Iran, and China.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, forming in igneous rocks and metamorphic environments. It’s found in a variety of locations worldwide, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia. The “fire” and rainbow of colors displayed by zircon are a result of trace elements within its crystal structure.
Topaz, also found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, forms in cavities and pegmatites. Brazil, Russia, and Sri Lanka are notable sources of topaz, with blue topaz often created through irradiation of colorless or pale yellow stones.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This exclusivity contributes to its desirability and value. It forms in metamorphic rocks created by intense heat and pressure.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with other minerals like calcite and pyrite. Its primary sources include Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years, as well as Russia, Chile, and Canada.
Gemological Properties
The December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties, contributing to their distinct appearances and characteristics.
Turquoise: A semi-translucent to opaque gem, turquoise ranges in color from blue to green, often displaying veins of matrix. Its hardness on the Mohs scale is relatively low, around 5-6, making it susceptible to scratching.
Zircon: Valued for its brilliance and clarity, zircon displays a wide range of colors, including blue, brown, red, and yellow. Its hardness is 6.5-7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise.
Topaz: With a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, topaz is a relatively hard gemstone. Blue topaz, commonly available, is often created by irradiating colorless or pale yellow topaz.
Tanzanite: This gemstone exhibits a unique pleochroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle – typically blue, violet, and burgundy. Its hardness is 6-7 on the Mohs scale.
Lapis Lazuli: An opaque rock, lapis lazuli is characterized by its deep azure blue color, often flecked with pyrite. Its hardness is 5-6 on the Mohs scale.
Here's a table summarizing the key properties:
| Gemstone | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | 5-6 | Semi-opaque |
| Zircon | Blue, Brown, Red | 6.5-7.5 | Transparent |
| Topaz | Blue (often treated) | 8 | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Blue, Violet | 6-7 | Transparent |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep Azure Blue | 5-6 | Opaque |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, safeguarding against negative energies and promoting good fortune. It is believed to instill inner calm and foster creativity.
Zircon is associated with prosperity and wisdom, and its rainbow of colors is thought to promote emotional balance. Topaz symbolizes love and affection, and is believed to bring good luck and success.
Tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation, facilitating spiritual growth and enhancing intuition. Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color, is linked to wisdom, truth, and inner power. It is believed to stimulate intellectual abilities and encourage a quest for knowledge.
December’s birthstones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer’s personality and bring a variety of cultural significances.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratching and should be protected from harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water.
Zircon and topaz, being harder, are more durable but should still be protected from impacts. They can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Tanzanite requires gentle cleaning with mild soap and warm water, avoiding harsh chemicals. Lapis lazuli, being porous, should be cleaned carefully with a soft cloth and mild soapy water, avoiding prolonged exposure to water.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli – offer a rich tapestry of color, history, and symbolism. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise and lapis lazuli to the modern appeal of tanzanite and blue zircon, these gemstones provide a diverse selection for those born in the final month of the year. Each stone possesses unique properties and a captivating story, making them not only beautiful adornments but also meaningful connections to the past and potent symbols of personal significance. When choosing between these gemstones, December’s stones stand out with their vibrant colors and deep cultural roots, providing a distinct way to express individuality.