November is unique among the calendar months in possessing two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. While both offer beautiful options for those born in November, topaz holds a longer and more deeply rooted history as a traditional birthstone. This article will delve into the multifaceted world of topaz, exploring its history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of topaz stretches back centuries, with its name potentially originating from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” or the Greek topazos, referencing the island of Topazos in the Red Sea, though the stone found there was likely not true topaz. Ancient Greeks believed topaz bestowed strength upon its wearer, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s considered it capable of warding off magic spells and dispelling anger. In India, a long-held belief suggests that wearing topaz above the heart ensures a long life, beauty, and intelligence.
Historically, topaz has been valued for its perceived protective qualities. Turquoise, another November birthstone associated with the zodiac sign Scorpio, was similarly believed to offer protection, even being incorporated into horse tack to safeguard riders. The value placed on gemstones wasn’t always consistent; accounts suggest that Aztecs prized turquoise even more highly than gold, as noted by Spanish conquistadors.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine, forming within igneous rocks. The most significant source of topaz today is Brazil, though it is also abundantly found in Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan. Interestingly, the only naturally blue topaz is found in England, Ireland, and Scotland.
The gem exhibits a remarkable range of colors in its natural state, including yellow to golden brown. However, much of the topaz available today has been treated to achieve different hues, such as gray, red-orange, and wine red. The vibrant blue topaz commonly seen is typically created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz, a permanent treatment. The “Mystic Topaz” displaying a rainbow effect is produced by coating colorless topaz with a thin artificial film. The gold-yellow-orange variety is referred to as “royal topaz” and is considered one of the most valuable types currently available in the jewelry market.
Gemological Properties
Topaz is a relatively hard gemstone, though its hardness can vary depending on the crystal’s direction. It registers 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it durable enough for everyday wear. The gem’s chemical formula is Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂.
The natural color range of topaz is extensive, encompassing colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and, very rarely, red. The variety of hues contributes to its popularity as a gemstone. Beyond natural colors, treatments significantly expand the available palette.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, topaz has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It is often associated with love and affection, making it a traditional gift for November birthdays. Beyond romantic love, topaz is believed to promote feelings of self-realization and calm, making it particularly beneficial for those prone to worry or anxiety. Chryospase, another stone linked to November, is thought to encourage open-mindedness and boost self-esteem.
The birthstones associated with the zodiac signs falling within November further enrich the symbolic landscape. Scorpios (October 24 – November 21) can choose from citrine, topaz, turquoise, amethyst, sapphire, ruby, or beryl. Sagittarians (November 22 – December 21) have sapphire, topaz, spinel, or amethyst as their birthstones. Some traditions even link gemstones to the days of the week, with gold topaz representing the energy of the Sun on Sundays.
Care and Cleaning
Topaz, with its Mohs hardness of 8, is relatively durable but still requires careful handling. It is susceptible to scratching from harder materials and can be cleaved, meaning it can split along certain planes. Avoid exposing topaz to sudden temperature changes or harsh chemicals.
Cleaning topaz jewelry is best done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they can potentially damage the stone. A soft cloth can be used to gently polish the topaz and restore its brilliance.
November’s Dual Birthstone Designation
The existence of two birthstones for November – topaz and citrine – is a relatively modern phenomenon. It is suggested that the Jewelers of America expanded the options available in the birthstone market, offering consumers a wider selection of gemstones. This decision resulted in the recognition of both topaz and citrine as official November birthstones.
Beyond the Monthly Stones: Gemstones by Day
An interesting historical tradition links gemstones to the days of the week, based on the belief that calendar days were named after the sun, moon, and planets, and that corresponding stones absorbed their energies. Topaz, specifically gold topaz, is associated with Sundays, channeling the Sun’s vibrant energy. Other gemstones are linked to different days, offering a diverse range of options for those seeking to harness specific planetary influences.
Conclusion
Topaz, with its rich history, diverse colors, and enduring symbolism, remains a captivating gemstone. As a traditional November birthstone, it offers a connection to ancient beliefs and a promise of strength, protection, and good fortune. Whether naturally occurring in shades of yellow and brown or enhanced through modern treatments to display vibrant blues and oranges, topaz continues to be a treasured gem for jewelry enthusiasts and collectors alike. Its relative affordability, compared to some other gemstones, makes it accessible to a wide range of buyers, ensuring its continued popularity for generations to come.