December boasts a remarkable variety of birthstones, offering a choice beyond a single gem. Traditionally, Zircon holds the position as the primary December birthstone, but Turquoise and Tanzanite are also widely recognized, with Beryl, Sapphire, Emerald, and Chalcedony appearing in various birthstone lists. This diversity stems from historical interpretations based on religious texts and evolving traditions. The selection of a December birthstone can be a personal one, reflecting individual preference, perceived connection, or zodiacal sign.
History and Lore
The concept of associating gemstones with specific months has roots in ancient traditions, particularly those linked to the breastplate of Aaron, as described in the Bible, and the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem. These lists have been adapted and reinterpreted over time, leading to the multiple options available for December.
Turquoise, one of the oldest known gems, has a rich history of use as an amulet and a symbol of protection. Found in Persia and along the Sinai Peninsula, it reached Europe through trade routes via Constantinople. From the earliest times, its ease of carving and inscription made it ideal for amulets believed to ward off danger and bring good fortune. It was considered a stone of love, preserving relationships and friendships, and was even thought to warn its wearer of impending illness or danger by changing color. Tibetan culture revered turquoise as a symbol of fortune, health, and success, even utilizing it as a form of currency. Ancient Incas and Mayas offered turquoise as gifts to their gods, while Native Americans of the Southwest associated it with youth and strength, believing a combination of turquoise and gold symbolized vitality and longevity. Hindu mystics believed holding turquoise during a new moon would bring wealth.
Zircon also carries a long history, though it is often confused with cubic zirconia, a synthetic diamond simulant. For centuries, colorless zircon has been used as a diamond substitute due to its high refractive index and brilliance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Zircon is mined in several locations, including Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Its unique geological properties extend beyond its aesthetic appeal; trace amounts of uranium and thorium within zircon have made it invaluable in radiometric dating, with some specimens calculated to be as old as 4.4 billion years – the oldest minerals recorded on Earth.
Turquoise, as its name suggests, historically originated in Persia (modern-day Iran) and the Sinai Peninsula. It arrived in Europe through the gem markets of Constantinople, Turkey.
While the sources for Tanzanite are not detailed in the provided materials, it is noted as a December birthstone option.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources offer limited gemological data. Zircon possesses a high refractive index, contributing to its brilliance. It is important to note that zircon can be heat-treated to achieve a pastel blue hue, a common practice in the gem trade.
Tanzanite, described as being between 6 and 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, is susceptible to cracking with exposure to high temperatures or sudden temperature changes. It can be attacked by hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Most tanzanite begins as brownish zoisite and requires heat treatment to achieve its characteristic blue to violet colors, a process that does not affect its durability.
Turquoise was favored for its workability, allowing for easy cutting and inscription. Chalcedony, a micro-crystalline form of quartz and morganite, exists in opaque or non-transparent varieties, including agate, onyx, jasper, and carnelian. A white and grey banded chalcedony was historically called chalcedonyx, while the blue variety was known as sapphirine and sometimes mistaken for sapphire.
The following table summarizes the limited hardness information available:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Tanzanite | 6-7 |
| Zircon | Not specified |
| Turquoise | Not specified |
| Chalcedony | Not specified |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, December birthstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise, beyond its protective qualities, was prized by lovers and married couples as a gemstone safeguarding their relationships. It was believed to preserve friendship when gifted.
Guardian angel Humiel, associated with December, is believed to be in charge of dignity, innocence, and persistence, with Beryl as his corresponding birthstone. St. Paul, the special apostle for December, is a patron of theologians, evangelists, and missionaries, and is linked to Sapphire.
Astrologists suggest that individuals born on December 19, 20, and 21, falling near the transition between Sagittarius and Capricorn, may also find Chalcedony a suitable birthstone, sharing virtues of both signs.
Care and Cleaning
Tanzanite requires careful handling due to its susceptibility to thermal shock and abrasion. Warm, soapy water is the recommended cleaning method; ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided. Zircon is resistant to normal heat, light, and common chemicals, but its relative fragility requires careful handling. Specific care instructions for Turquoise, Zircon, and Chalcedony are not detailed in the provided sources.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite, and others – represent a fascinating blend of history, lore, and geological origins. From ancient amulets believed to ward off danger to modern gems prized for their beauty and brilliance, these stones offer a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. The choice of a December birthstone is ultimately a personal one, reflecting individual preferences and connections to the rich symbolism and enduring appeal of these captivating gems.