Purple gemstones have captivated humanity for millennia, often associated with royalty, spirituality, and power. Beyond the well-known amethyst, a diverse array of purple-hued gems exists, each possessing unique characteristics and a fascinating history. This article delves into the world of purple gemstones, exploring their geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The allure of purple gemstones dates back to ancient civilizations. Amethyst, the most recognized purple gem, held particular significance in ancient Greece, where it was believed to prevent intoxication. Drinking from amethyst goblets was a common practice, stemming from the belief that the stone could ward off the effects of wine. The ancient Greeks and Egyptians both utilized amethyst in jewelry and ornamentation, associating the color purple with nobility and high status. This association stemmed from the scarcity and expense of purple dyes in ancient times, making the color reserved for the garments of royalty. Tibetans continue to revere amethyst, incorporating it into prayer beads and considering it sacred to Buddha.
Turquoise, while often recognized for its blue-green hues, can also exhibit purple shades and boasts an even older history. Evidence suggests mining of turquoise as early as 6000 B.C. in ancient Egypt. The name "turquoise" itself originates from the French phrase "pierre turquoise," meaning "Turkish stone," reflecting historical trade routes. Some believe the name derives from the Persian word "fiouze," meaning turquoise.
Purple garnets, often referred to as rhodolites, have also been utilized throughout history, though their specific lore isn’t as extensively documented as amethyst. Jade, specifically lavender jade, has been treasured for thousands of years in Asian cultures, valued not only for its aesthetic beauty but also for its physical properties – its ability to be intricately carved while maintaining a durable edge.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of purple gemstones varies depending on the specific mineral composition. Amethyst is a variety of quartz (SiO₂) that acquires its violet hue through a combination of factors, including radiation exposure, iron impurities, and other trace elements within the crystal lattice. Amethyst can form within geodes, which are rock cavities lined with mineral formations. These geodes can range in size from small enough to hold in one’s hand to large enough to fill a room, often containing numerous amethyst spikes.
Purple topaz forms through similar geological processes as other topaz varieties, with trace elements contributing to its purple coloration. Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is known for its exceptional polish and durability.
Spinel, a magnesium aluminum oxide mineral, derives its purple hue from trace elements like iron and chromium. Spinel is found in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits.
Tanzanite’s unique formation is limited to a single location in the world: Tanzania. Its trichroic properties, displaying purple, violet, and blue depending on the viewing angle, are a result of its complex chemical composition and crystal structure.
Lavender jade, a prized variety of jadeite, owes its color to trace elements within its structure. Jadeite is formed under high-pressure, low-temperature conditions in metamorphic rocks.
Historically, amethyst was mined in South Korea, Austria, and Russia, with the Russian amethysts, particularly those from Siberia, being highly valued for their deep purple color. However, Brazil is now the primary source of amethyst, producing large quantities, though often with lighter coloration compared to African, Austrian, and Uruguayan varieties. Turquoise is sourced from Iran, historically considered the finest, as well as from the United States (New Mexico and Arizona), Afghanistan, and Australia. Garnets are found globally, with rhodolite garnets being a common purple variety.
Gemological Properties
Purple gemstones exhibit a wide range of gemological properties, influencing their durability, brilliance, and value.
Amethyst: A variety of quartz, amethyst has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for most jewelry applications. Its color ranges from pale lilac to deep reddish-purple.
Topaz: With a hardness of 8, purple topaz is exceptionally durable and resistant to scratching. It exhibits a brilliant polish and is often described as feeling "slippery" to the touch.
Spinel: Possessing a hardness of 8, spinel is a durable gemstone available in a range of purple shades, from light to deep saturation.
Tanzanite: Tanzanite’s hardness ranges from 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, requiring more careful handling than harder gemstones. Its trichroism – displaying three different colors depending on the viewing angle – is a defining characteristic.
Jade (Lavender Jade): Jadeite, the variety that exhibits lavender coloration, has a hardness of 6.5 to 7. While relatively durable, it can be susceptible to scratching and chipping. Clarity can vary from semi-transparent to opaque, with clearer gems commanding higher prices.
Garnet (Purple Garnet/Rhodolite): Garnets generally have a hardness between 6.5 and 7.5, making them suitable for regular wear.
The following table summarizes the Mohs hardness scale comparison for these purple gemstones:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Amethyst | 7 |
| Topaz | 8 |
| Spinel | 8 |
| Tanzanite | 6-7 |
| Jade (Jadeite) | 6.5-7 |
| Garnet | 6.5-7.5 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, purple gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. As previously mentioned, amethyst was believed to prevent intoxication. More broadly, the color purple has long been associated with royalty, power, and spirituality. Amethyst is said to promote good health, control worries and fears, and improve spiritual ability.
Turquoise, regardless of its color, is often associated with protection and good fortune. Lavender jade is revered in Asian cultures for its aesthetic and physical properties, symbolizing serenity and balance.
Care and Cleaning
The appropriate care for a purple gemstone depends on its hardness and durability. Amethyst, topaz, and spinel, with their higher hardness scores, are relatively easy to care for and can withstand regular wear. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Tanzanite, being somewhat softer, requires more gentle handling. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Cleaning should be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Jade should also be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. Garnets are generally durable but can be susceptible to chipping, so avoid exposing them to harsh impacts.
Conclusion
Purple gemstones offer a captivating spectrum of beauty, history, and symbolism. From the widely recognized amethyst to the rarer tanzanite and lavender jade, these gems have adorned royalty, inspired spiritual beliefs, and captivated gem enthusiasts for centuries. Their diverse geological origins, unique gemological properties, and enduring allure ensure their continued appreciation in the world of gemstones.