August boasts a unique distinction among birthstone months: it possesses not one, but three recognized gemstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each stone carries its own distinct history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning, offering a diverse palette of choices for those born in the eighth month of the year. While peridot is often considered the primary August birthstone, the inclusion of spinel and sardonyx provides a rich tapestry of options, reflecting a blend of ancient tradition and modern discovery. This article will delve into the characteristics of each of these August birthstones, exploring their history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance.
History and Lore
The history of August birthstones is layered, with sardonyx holding the most ancient claim to recognition. Used extensively by the Romans for seals and signet rings, its banded layers proved ideal for carving, and hot wax did not adhere to its surface. Ancient Greeks and Romans also valued sardonyx for its perceived protective qualities, believing it brought victory in battle and enhanced communication skills.
Peridot’s history stretches back millennia as well. First discovered in Egypt, it was believed to be adorned by Queen Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. The stone held a special place in Egyptian culture, and is still considered the national gem of Egypt today. In Hawaii, peridot is deeply embedded in the local culture, revered as the “tears of Pele,” the volcanic goddess.
Spinel, while known for centuries, is the newest addition to the August birthstone family. Historically, it was often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its similar color range, but it is a distinct mineral species. Its recognition as a separate and valuable gemstone is a relatively recent development, gaining prominence in 2007 with the discovery of pinkish and orangy-red varieties in Tanzania, alongside purple and blue hues.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of these August birthstones originates through distinct geological processes and is found in specific locations around the globe.
Peridot is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It can also be found in fallen meteorites, though these are typically too small for use in jewelry. Significant sources of peridot include Egypt, Hawaii, Myanmar (Burma), and Vietnam. Vietnamese peridot, discovered in the 1990s, is particularly prized for its varied shades of green, while Burmese peridot is known for its large cuts and rich color.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. Tanzania has become a significant source, particularly for the vibrant pink, orange, red, purple, and blue varieties discovered in 2007.
Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is formed through the layering of sard and onyx – bands of brownish-red to brown and dark orange alternating with white or black layers. It is found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of peridot, spinel, and sardonyx differ significantly, contributing to their unique appearances and characteristics.
Peridot has a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, consisting primarily of olivine, magnesium, and iron. The amount of iron present dictates its color and luster. It is known for its distinctive yellow-green hue, ranging from pale lime green to a richer olive shade. Peridot consistently maintains its green color under various lighting conditions.
Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear, including rings. It is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, though high heat can cause some colors to fade. Spinel can be found in a wide range of colors, including red, blue, purple, and pink, often mistaken for ruby and sapphire.
Sardonyx is a combination of two types of chalcedony, sard and onyx. It is a reddish-brown stone with white banding. It does not possess the same brilliance as peridot or spinel, having a more stone-like appearance.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | Not specified | Yellow-green to Olive Green | Vitreous |
| Spinel | Not specified | 8 | Red, Blue, Purple, Pink | Vitreous |
| Sardonyx | SiO2 (Chalcedony) | Not specified | Reddish-Brown with White Banding | Waxy |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers.
Peridot’s bright green color is associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is often called the “gem of compassion,” believed to bring renewal and make “all things new.” It is also thought to promote restful sleep and calm anger, and even cure depression. Peridot is traditionally associated with the 15th wedding anniversary.
Spinel is often linked to revitalization and energy. While specific metaphysical properties are less detailed in the provided sources, its vibrant colors are generally associated with positive energy and emotional healing.
Sardonyx symbolizes strength, courage, and protection. It was historically used in amulets and believed to enhance communication skills.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of these August birthstones requires specific care based on their individual properties.
Spinel, with its hardness of 8, is relatively durable and can be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners. However, stones with fractures should be cleaned with warm, soapy water.
Peridot and sardonyx require gentler cleaning methods. Warm, soapy water is the safest option for both. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a captivating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the volcanic origins of peridot and the recent discovery of vibrant spinels, each stone offers a unique connection to the Earth and its rich past. Whether drawn to the cheerful glow of peridot, the ancient strength of sardonyx, or the vibrant allure of spinel, August-born individuals have a diverse range of options to celebrate their birth month with a touch of elegance, strength, and personal meaning. Understanding the unique characteristics, styling possibilities, and care requirements of each stone allows for an informed choice that aligns with individual taste and lifestyle.