Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its vibrant green hue, holds the distinction as the primary birthstone for August. Revered for millennia, this gem has a rich history intertwined with ancient civilizations, mistaken identities, and a modern resurgence in popularity. Its unique geological origins, ranging from volcanic activity to extraterrestrial arrival via meteorites, contribute to its mystique. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, offering a comprehensive overview of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
Peridot boasts a history stretching back thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians, as early as 1500 B.C.E., mined peridot on the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, referring to it as the “gem of the sun.” They believed it possessed magical powers and valued it highly, incorporating it into jewelry and ceremonial objects. The stone’s brilliance, even in low light, likely contributed to this association with solar energy.
Throughout history, peridot was often confused with other green gemstones, particularly emeralds and topaz. The island historically known as Topazios, now Zabargad, was actually a significant source of peridot, yet the name “topaz” was mistakenly applied to the gem for centuries. Scholars like Pliny the Elder contributed to this confusion, and even Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included substantial quantities of peridot. Some historical texts referencing topaz likely described peridot, further complicating the gem’s early identification.
The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. This demonstrates the enduring appeal and historical significance of the stone, even when misidentified.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, originating deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Peridot can be found in hardened lava, carried from the Earth’s mantle, and remarkably, even within meteorites that have traveled from outer space.
Historically, Zabargad in the Red Sea was a primary source of peridot. However, modern sources include Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan. Recent discoveries in the American Southwest have also made peridot jewelry more accessible. The specific geological conditions and trace elements present during formation influence the shade of green exhibited by each peridot gem.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is unique among gemstones in that it consistently occurs in shades of green, ranging from yellow-green to deep olive. This color is attributed to the presence of iron within the stone’s chemical composition. Peridot is a yellowish green to greenish yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine.
While the provided sources do not offer specific details regarding peridot’s refractive index, hardness (Mohs scale), or chemical formula, they emphasize its consistent color and its distinction from other green gems like emeralds and topaz. The sources do not provide information on clarity or carat weight.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient Egyptians believed it possessed protective powers and harnessed the energy of the sun. In more recent times, peridot is associated with happiness, protection, and good luck.
For those born under the sign of Leo (July 23 – August 22), peridot is particularly resonant. It aligns with the sun, Leo’s ruling planet, and complements their fiery, charismatic personalities. The stone is believed to enhance the Leo’s natural radiance and courage.
Historically, red gems, including spinel (often mistaken for ruby), were thought to be remedies for blood loss and inflammatory diseases, and believed to ease anger and promote harmony. While this belief is not specifically attributed to peridot in the provided sources, it highlights the historical association of gemstones with healing properties.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions for peridot. However, given its composition and relative hardness, gentle care is recommended. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these may damage the stone. Cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is generally sufficient to maintain its brilliance.
The Rise of Spinel as an August Birthstone
While peridot remains the traditional and most recognized August birthstone, spinel has recently gained prominence. Added to the list of official birthstones in 2016 by the Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA), spinel offers a wider range of color options, including intense red, vibrant pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish green.
For centuries, spinel was often mistaken for ruby, with some of history’s most famous “rubies” actually being spinel. The Black Prince’s “ruby,” a 170-carat stone set in the British Imperial State Crown, is a notable example. Spinel’s name originates from the Latin word spina, meaning thorn, referencing the shape of its crystals. Major sources of spinel include Tajikistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan.
Sardonyx: A Historical August Birthstone
Sardonyx represents the oldest August birthstone on record, referenced in the Bible and used in the high priest’s breastplate. This gemstone has a history dating back over 4,000 years. While less commonly recognized today, sardonyx holds a significant place in the historical lineage of August birthstones.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its vibrant green color and rich history, remains a captivating and cherished August birthstone. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern-day appeal, this gem continues to symbolize happiness, protection, and good luck. The recent addition of spinel and the historical significance of sardonyx offer further options for those born in August, providing a diverse range of gemstones to celebrate their birth month. Peridot’s unique geological formation and enduring symbolism ensure its continued prominence in the world of gemstones.