Sapphire is the recognized birthstone for September, a gem steeped in history, symbolism, and geological fascination. Belonging to the corundum family, it is renowned for its captivating blue hues, though it appears in a remarkable spectrum of colors. For centuries, sapphire has been associated with royalty, faith, and the pursuit of wisdom, and continues to be a highly prized gemstone worldwide. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of this enduringly popular birthstone.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is interwoven with tales of mythology, royalty, and spiritual belief. The name “sapphire” itself originates from the Greek word “sappheiros,” reflecting the stone’s ancient recognition. In Greek mythology, sapphire was linked to the gods Zeus and Apollo, suggesting its perceived power and divine connection. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed the stone offered protection from harm and envy.
Medieval Europeans attributed healing properties to sapphire, believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye diseases. It was also considered an antidote to poison. Clergy of the Middle Ages valued sapphire for its symbolism of Heaven, often incorporating it into their robes. Ancient Persians held a particularly grand belief, imagining the earth rested upon a colossal sapphire, which was responsible for the sky’s blue color.
Beyond its perceived medicinal and protective qualities, sapphire has long been associated with nobility and romance. It has adorned the jewelry of kings and queens for millennia and remains a popular choice for engagement rings, symbolizing fidelity and lasting love. The stone is also traditionally linked to the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, further cementing its association with enduring commitment.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire, along with ruby, is a variety of the mineral corundum, composed of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The formation of sapphire requires specific geological conditions. It crystallizes in a hexagonal system, a structure defined by four axes – three of equal length intersecting at 60-degree angles, and one differing length intersecting at a right angle. Crucially, sapphire cannot form in the presence of silicone.
The color of a sapphire is determined by trace elements within its chemical structure. Iron and titanium contribute to the blue hues for which the stone is most famous. Other elements can create a range of “fancy colored” sapphires, including violet, purple, green, pink, yellow, grey, black, and even colorless varieties. Red corundum, however, is classified as ruby. A particularly rare and valuable variety is the padparadscha sapphire, a pinkish-orange stone derived from the Sinhalese word for lotus flower. Some sapphires even exhibit color change depending on the light source, shifting between blue and purple.
While sapphires are found in various locations globally, certain regions are particularly renowned for their quality and color. Kashmir, a mountainous area bordering northern India and Pakistan, is historically celebrated for its cornflower blue sapphires, considered among the most expensive due to their rarity and exceptional color. Other significant sources include Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, and Australia.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires possess remarkable physical and optical properties that contribute to their durability and beauty. As a variety of corundum, sapphire registers a 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it exceptionally resistant to scratching and suitable for everyday wear. This hardness is identical to that of ruby.
The chemical formula for sapphire is Al2O3. Its crystal system is hexagonal. The refractive index and specific gravity vary slightly depending on the trace elements present, but generally fall within specific ranges.
While blue sapphires are the most well-known, it’s important to note that any corundum that isn’t red is considered a sapphire. This means a wide range of colors fall under the sapphire umbrella, categorized as “fancy colored” sapphires. Color evaluation in sapphires, like other colored gemstones, is based on hue, tone, and saturation. The most desirable blue sapphires exhibit a vivid, intense blue color with moderate to high saturation.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. It traditionally represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These associations have contributed to its enduring popularity as a gemstone for significant life events, such as engagements and anniversaries.
Beyond its symbolic meaning, sapphire has been the subject of various metaphysical beliefs. Some believe it facilitates communication with the divine, a notion rooted in ancient practices where sapphire rings were worn during visits to oracles to enhance the chances of receiving a prophecy. It is also considered a stone of wisdom, learning, and mental clarity.
Alternative birthstones associated with September include lapis lazuli and aventurine. Lapis lazuli, a deep blue stone, shares similar metaphysical properties, being linked to illumination, communication, and protection. Aventurine, a green stone associated with the zodiac sign Virgo, is believed to promote abundance, empathy, and creativity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance and prevent damage. Sapphires can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone or its setting.
While highly resistant to scratching, sapphires can still be chipped or fractured with a significant impact. It is advisable to remove sapphire jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when handling abrasive materials. Regular cleaning and careful handling will ensure that a sapphire remains a cherished heirloom for generations.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and royalty to its modern-day status as a beloved birthstone and symbol of lasting love, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its remarkable geological formation, diverse range of colors, and exceptional durability combine to make it a truly exceptional gem. Whether admired for its beauty, cherished for its symbolism, or appreciated for its scientific properties, sapphire remains a timeless treasure.