August is a unique month in the world of birthstones, boasting not one, but three gemstones associated with it: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot and spinel are the most frequently recognized modern August birthstones, sardonyx holds a significant place in the historical lineage of these celebratory gems. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of each of these captivating stones, exploring their journey from ancient lore to contemporary jewelry.
A History of Multiple Associations
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical descriptions and evolving cultural practices. Early birthstone lists, originating in Poland or Germany several centuries ago, have undergone numerous revisions. The standardization of the modern birthstone list occurred in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers, though regional variations and older traditions continue to influence perceptions. Initially, August was linked to carnelian or sardonyx, with peridot gaining prominence over time. More recently, in 2016, spinel was officially added as an August birthstone, offering a wider range of choices for those born in this month. The evolution of these associations reflects changing gem availability, cultural preferences, and historical interpretations.
Peridot: The Evening Emerald
Peridot, a gem variety of the mineral olivine, is perhaps the most iconic of the August birthstones. Its distinctive yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue has captivated people for millennia. Throughout history, peridot has often been mistaken for other gems, such as topaz and emerald, a testament to its visual appeal. The Red Sea island of Topazios, historically believed to be a source of topaz, was actually a significant source of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included substantial quantities of peridot.
Peridot’s color is a result of its iron content; the more iron present, the deeper the green. Unlike many gemstones, peridot’s color is entirely natural and does not require treatment to achieve its vibrant shade. It is often referred to as the “Evening Emerald” due to its radiant glow under low light conditions.
Spinel: A Recently Recognized Gem
Spinel, a gemstone often mistaken for ruby in the past, has gained recognition as a distinct and valuable gem in recent years. For centuries, red spinel was frequently misidentified as ruby, particularly before advancements in gemological testing. Today, spinel is appreciated for its own unique qualities and comes in a wide variety of colors, including deep reds, vibrant pinks, purples, and blues. Cobalt blue, violet, and colorless spinels are among the rarest and most sought-after varieties.
The addition of spinel as an August birthstone in 2016 reflects a growing appreciation for its beauty and rarity within the gemological community.
Sardonyx: The Ancient August Stone
Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, is a banded variety of chalcedony, composed of layers of sard (reddish-brown) and onyx (typically white or black). The name “sardonyx” is derived from its appearance, combining “sard” and “onyx” to describe the contrasting bands. This gemstone has a history dating back over 4,000 years, with major sources including India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Sardonyx was linked to ancient Roman mythology, and its use can be traced back to early civilizations. It was a popular choice for intaglios and cameos due to its contrasting bands, allowing for intricate designs to be carved into the stone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava that has carried it from deep within the Earth’s mantle. It can also be found in meteorites, originating from outer space.
Spinel’s origins are varied, forming in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits.
Sardonyx, as a variety of chalcedony, forms in volcanic and sedimentary rocks. India is currently the primary producer of sardonyx, known for its stones with good contrast between the colored layers.
Gemological Properties
While a comprehensive gemological comparison requires more data than provided, some key properties can be summarized:
| Property | Peridot | Spinel | Sardonyx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine | Spinel | Chalcedony |
| Color | Yellow-Green | Various | Banded Red/White |
| Transparency | Transparent | Transparent | Translucent |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 8 | 6.5 - 7 |
The Mohs hardness scale indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is the most durable of the three August birthstones, followed by peridot and sardonyx, both with a hardness of 6.5-7. This difference in hardness impacts their suitability for different types of jewelry and their susceptibility to wear and tear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
August is associated with abundance, protection, and regeneration, and these themes are reflected in the symbolism of its birthstones. Peridot was regarded as a symbol of the sun in ancient Egypt and was a favorite gemstone of Cleopatra. It is believed to imbue the traits of confidence and valor, aligning with the zodiac sign Leo, which is associated with August.
Spinel, while its symbolism is less extensively documented, is often associated with revitalization and hope.
Sardonyx, with its banded structure, has historically been linked to strength, courage, and protection.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness levels, each of these August birthstones requires specific care. Spinel, being the most durable, can withstand regular wear and cleaning with warm, soapy water. Peridot and sardonyx, with their lower hardness, are more susceptible to scratching and should be handled with care. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals when cleaning peridot and sardonyx. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap is recommended.
Conclusion
August’s three birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the recently recognized beauty of spinel and the enduring allure of peridot, these gemstones offer a diverse range of choices for those born in the eighth month of the year. Each stone carries its own unique story, reflecting the evolving traditions and enduring fascination with the world of gemstones.