August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. While sardonyx historically held the sole designation, peridot gained prominence over time, and spinel was officially added as recently as 2016, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the eighth month. Each stone carries a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning, reflecting a rich tapestry of cultural beliefs and gemological properties. This article will explore the characteristics of each of these August birthstones, drawing upon historical accounts and gemological observations.
A Historical Perspective
Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the most ancient of the August birthstones, with a documented history stretching back over 4,000 years to the 2nd Dynasty of Egypt. Ancient Egyptians believed the stone possessed healing properties, specifically for bones. Its use extended to the creation of seals and signet rings, prized for the characteristic that hot wax would not adhere to its surface. References to sardonyx also appear in the Old Testament, where it is listed among the stones in the High Priest’s breastplate, symbolizing spiritual strength. Roman soldiers utilized sardonyx rings, often engraved with the image of Mars, believing they offered protection in battle.
Peridot’s history is often intertwined with that of emerald, as the two were frequently confused throughout much of history. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, from which the name “topaz” originates, was actually a significant source of peridot. Notably, gems believed to be emeralds adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral are, in fact, peridot. Cleopatra herself was rumored to have favored peridot over emeralds. The name “peridot” is derived from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning gem. This stone was valued in both ancient and medieval cultures, appearing in priestly jewelry as early as the second century BCE and later in medieval European chalices and churches. It was also considered a protective talisman against evil spirits.
Spinel, the newest addition to the August birthstone family, has a history that, while not as extensively documented as the others, is nonetheless compelling. Its name originates from the Latin word “spina,” meaning thorn, a reference to its crystal structure. Historically, spinel was often mistaken for ruby or sapphire, particularly when found in the same locations. Myanmar (Burma) is renowned for producing spinel in vibrant shades of hot pink and red, while Sri Lanka yields blue, pink, and purple varieties.
Geological Origins and Sources
Sardonyx is a composite gemstone, formed from layers of sard and onyx, both varieties of cryptocrystalline quartz known as chalcedony. The distinctive banding of brownish-red to dark orange sard alternating with white or black onyx defines its appearance. Currently, India is the primary producer of sardonyx, particularly stones exhibiting a strong contrast between the colored layers. Additional sources include Brazil, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Madagascar, Uruguay, and the United States.
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine. Significant deposits are found in various locations around the world.
Spinel is sourced from a diverse range of locations, including Tajikistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan. Myanmar is particularly noted for its intensely colored pink and red spinels. Sri Lanka produces blue, pink, and purple spinels, primarily in the central highlands and river gravels of the Ratnapura District. Northern Vietnam’s Luc Yen region is known for its deep red, purple, pink, vivid blue, and violet-blue spinels. Tanzania has also emerged as a source, with discoveries of pinkish and orangy-red spinel in 2007.
Gemological Properties
Sardonyx, being a form of chalcedony, possesses a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2). Its appearance is characterized by the banded layers of sard and onyx, creating a unique visual effect.
Peridot is a yellowish-green to greenish-yellow gem variety of olivine, with a chemical composition of (Mg, Fe)2SiO4. It typically ranges from 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs hardness scale.
Spinel, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, is a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications. It has a chemical composition of MgAl2O4. Spinel exhibits a wide range of colors, including intense red, vivid pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish-green.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these August birthstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Sardonyx was believed to bring courage, happiness, and clear communication, fostering stability in relationships. Roman soldiers wore it for protection, while Renaissance-era orators used it to enhance eloquence. It was also thought to aid single women in finding suitable partners and to promote harmonious marriages.
Peridot has long been associated with good health, restful sleep, and peaceful relationships. Its light green color symbolizes renewal, love, and youthfulness. Historically, it was used in powdered form as a remedy for asthma and dehydration. It is also considered a “study stone,” believed to enhance mental focus and perseverance. Some believe peridot possesses antidepressant properties, clearing negative emotions and opening the heart to love.
Spinel is often referred to as the “stone of compassion,” believed to promote good health and peace.
Care and Cleaning
Spinel, with its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, is a relatively durable gemstone. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can generally be used, although caution is advised if the stone contains fractures. Warm, soapy water is always a safe cleaning option. Spinel is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, but prolonged exposure to high heat may cause some colors to fade.
Sardonyx, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7, requires gentle care. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners. Warm, soapy water and a soft cloth are recommended for cleaning.
Specific care instructions for peridot are not provided in the sources.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, sardonyx, and spinel – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of sardonyx in Egypt to the more recent recognition of spinel as a birthstone, each gem offers a unique connection to the past and a captivating beauty for the present. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, their historical significance, or their purported metaphysical properties, these stones continue to hold a special place in the world of gemstones.