Throughout history, gemstones have captivated humanity with their beauty and perceived powers. Among these, turquoise holds a unique position, celebrated for its vibrant color, cultural significance, and association with various birth months. This article delves into the history, lore, geological origins, and symbolism of turquoise, drawing upon historical accounts and modern understanding of this captivating gem.
The concept of attributing gemstones to specific months is a practice with ancient roots, though the standardization of these associations is a relatively recent development. Early connections between gemstones and months can be traced back to the Book of Exodus and the twelve stones on the breastplate of Aaron, representing the tribes of Israel. However, interpretations of this passage vary. Scholars like Flavius Josephus and St. Jerome, in the 1st and 5th centuries AD, linked these breastplate gems to the months of the year and the zodiac signs, suggesting individuals should wear all the stones during their corresponding months. Over time, these associations evolved, influenced by gem traders and astrologers, particularly in Europe during the 16th century. The practice of marketing gemstones based on birth months gained traction in Poland during the 18th century, ultimately leading to the standardization efforts of the National Association of Jewelers in 1912, now known as Jewelers of America. This standardization has been updated periodically, with the American Gem Trade Association adding tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002 and spinel as an additional August birthstone in 2016. Turquoise is currently recognized as one of the birthstones for December, alongside tanzanite and zircon.
A History Rooted in Sentiment and Symbolism
Turquoise’s appeal extends back centuries, becoming a prominent opaque gemstone in jewelry during the 19th century. Its versatility in color allowed it to complement various complexions and provide a luxurious contrast to the warmth of yellow and rose gold. It was an accessible stone, making it popular among women of all social classes. During the late Georgian and early Victorian eras, turquoise found particular favor in sentimental birthstone jewelry. Its color closely resembled that of the forget-me-not flower, a symbol of friendship and remembrance, and was frequently incorporated into jewelry designs featuring this motif.
In the mid to later Victorian period, turquoise was often paired with mine-cut diamonds or half pearls in rings, earrings, and lockets. These pieces showcased either symbolic motifs or geometric patterns featuring calibre cuts. Throughout history, turquoise has been prized by diverse cultures, believed to bring good fortune, good health, and foresight. The Romans considered it second only to emeralds, associating it with hope and purity. Ancient Greeks believed it possessed prophetic powers. The name "opalus" itself derives from the phrase meaning "to see a change in color," reflecting the gem’s dynamic appearance.
Geological Origins and Sources
While the provided sources do not detail the geological formation of turquoise, its historical sourcing is noted. Rubies, for comparison, were first found in Myanmar (Burma) as early as 600 AD and were highly valued by European adventurers, gem hunters, and merchants like Marco Polo and Jean Tavernier. The sources do not provide specific details on turquoise mining locations.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources do not contain specific gemological properties of turquoise, such as its chemical composition, hardness, or refractive index. However, they do describe its aesthetic qualities. Turquoise is characterized by its versatile color, ranging in shades that accent fashions and complement complexions. It is described as an opaque gemstone, prized for its beauty and ability to provide a luxurious contrast when set in jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Turquoise is rich in symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. Throughout history, it has been associated with passion, desire, wisdom, and everlasting love. Warriors believed carrying the gem would render them invincible in battle. By the Medieval period, it was worn as an adornment and considered a talisman guaranteeing wealth, wisdom, beauty, and enduring affection. The gem’s association with the forget-me-not flower further reinforces its connection to friendship and remembrance.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for turquoise.
The Evolution of Birthstone Traditions
The standardization of birthstones is a relatively modern phenomenon. While the concept dates back thousands of years, the list we recognize today was first established in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now Jewelers of America). Their aim was to create a unified system for birthstone assignments within the jewelry trade. This list has undergone occasional updates, but its foundation remains rooted in ancient traditions and enduring symbolism. Birthstones are more than just aesthetically pleasing gems; they represent identity, intention, and personal narratives. Each stone carries unique metaphysical properties and historical significance, making them cherished gifts and tangible connections to one’s birth month and life journey, often passed down through generations.
It is important to note that birthstone associations can vary across cultures. Eastern traditions often emphasize healing properties, while Western traditions are frequently based on biblical or historical gemstone references. The adaptability of birthstone lore highlights their enduring appeal and ability to evolve with time and tradition.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins as a symbol of hope and purity to its modern role as a cherished birthstone, turquoise continues to captivate with its vibrant color and rich cultural history. Its association with friendship, remembrance, and good fortune makes it a meaningful and treasured gem for generations to come. The standardization of birthstones, while a relatively recent development, has solidified turquoise’s place in the hearts and jewelry boxes of people around the world.