Sapphire, traditionally associated with the color blue, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones, particularly as the birthstone for September. Revered for millennia for its beauty, durability, and symbolic significance, sapphire’s history is interwoven with tales of royalty, healing, and spiritual enlightenment. This article will delve into the gem’s historical origins, geological sources, gemological characteristics, and modern interpretations, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire stretches back centuries, with its allure captivating civilizations across the globe. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed blue sapphires offered protection from harm and envy, while medieval Europeans attributed healing properties to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison. These beliefs highlight the sapphire’s early association with health and well-being.
The stone’s connection to nobility and the clergy is particularly strong. For centuries, sapphires adorned the robes of the clergy, symbolizing Heaven, and were frequently worn by royalty as emblems of power and faithfulness. Ancient Persians even held the belief that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue hue. This rich historical context underscores the sapphire’s enduring status as a gem of high esteem and spiritual significance. The name “sapphire” itself originates from the Greek word sappheiros.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) crystal. While commonly known for its blue coloration, sapphires actually occur in a rainbow of hues. Ruby, the red variety of corundum, is closely related. Sapphires form in metamorphic and igneous rocks, requiring specific geological conditions for their creation.
Thailand is a significant source of sapphire, with mining operations concentrated in the Chanthaburi Province. These mines, often located in dense jungle terrain, yield sapphires through digging and extraction. However, Thailand also serves as a major cutting and treatment center for sapphires sourced from neighboring countries like Myanmar and Cambodia. Bangkok is a key gem hub where these stones are processed and traded.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire boasts exceptional physical properties that contribute to its desirability as a gemstone. Ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, it is an extremely durable stone, second only to diamond. This high hardness, coupled with its lack of cleavage – a tendency to break along specific planes – makes sapphire an excellent choice for jewelry, particularly rings and other pieces subject to daily wear.
While blue is the most recognized color, sapphires can be found in a variety of shades, including pink, yellow, green, and even colorless. Heat treatment is a common practice used to enhance or modify a sapphire’s color, and is widely accepted within the gem trade as a permanent and stable improvement. However, other treatments, such as lattice diffusion, fracture filling, and dyeing, require more careful consideration, as they may affect the stone’s long-term durability and value. Fracture-filled and dyed sapphires are particularly susceptible to damage from even mild acids.
Cleaning sapphires is generally straightforward. Warm, soapy water is a safe and effective method. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are typically suitable for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion-treated stones. However, fracture-filled or dyed sapphires should only be cleaned with a damp cloth to avoid damaging the treatments.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These associations have contributed to its enduring popularity as a gift symbolizing enduring commitment and unwavering loyalty. The stone is also said to symbolize the soul.
Modern Birthstone Variations
The designation of birthstones has evolved over time. While sapphire remains the traditional September birthstone, modern birthstone charts also include alternative options. According to one chart, the modern September birthstone is sapphire, while October has tourmaline as a modern option. The availability and cost of gemstones have also influenced birthstone choices, with some traditional stones like turquoise remaining popular due to their affordability and accessibility.
Birthstone Jewelry and Availability
A wide range of birthstone jewelry featuring sapphire is readily available. This includes pendant necklaces, rings, and earrings crafted in various metals, such as 14 karat gold and silver. Both genuine gemstones and lab-grown alternatives are offered, with lab-grown diamonds being a popular choice for ethical and environmental reasons. Several retailers offer jewelry featuring nine birthstones, allowing individuals to celebrate multiple loved ones with a single piece. Options include 9K gold and 18K gold vermeil pieces, often incorporating initial charms alongside the birthstones.
Sapphire Treatments and Considerations
It is crucial to be aware of potential treatments applied to sapphires. Heat treatment is a common and accepted practice, but other treatments like lattice diffusion, fracture filling, and dyeing can affect the stone’s value and require special care. Before purchasing a sapphire, it is essential to inquire about any treatments that have been applied. Fracture-filled sapphires, in particular, are vulnerable to damage from even mild acids.
Table: September Birthstone – Traditional vs. Modern
| Month | Traditional Birthstone | Modern Birthstone |
|---|---|---|
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
Conclusion
Sapphire, the September birthstone, is a gemstone steeped in history, symbolism, and geological significance. From its ancient associations with protection and healing to its modern representation of sincerity and faithfulness, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, coupled with its stunning array of colors, makes it a prized possession for jewelry enthusiasts and a meaningful gift for those born in September. Understanding its origins, properties, and potential treatments allows for informed appreciation and responsible ownership of this remarkable gem.