Peridot, a gem celebrated for its vibrant green hues, holds a unique place in the world of gemstones. Recognized as one of the three birthstones for August, alongside spinel and sardonyx, peridot boasts a history intertwined with ancient lore, geological wonders, and even extraterrestrial origins. This article delves into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its historical significance, geological formation, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back millennia. The name “peridot” itself originates from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” However, its history is marked by frequent misidentification with other green gemstones, notably emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was once believed to be the primary source of topaz, but in reality, yielded significant quantities of peridot.
Ancient civilizations held peridot in high esteem. As early as the second century BCE, priests adorned themselves with peridot jewelry. During the medieval period, peridot found its way into the chalices and ecclesiastical decorations of churches throughout Europe. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, sourced from the Egyptian island of Zabargad.
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, peridot was believed to possess protective qualities. It was considered a talisman against evil spirits and “terrors of the night,” offering a sense of security and well-being to its wearer. This belief persisted for centuries, solidifying peridot’s reputation as a stone of power and protection. Peridot is also traditionally associated with the celebration of a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is a remarkable process often linked to extreme geological conditions. It is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, and is known for being formed under extreme conditions, as it can be found in the hardened lava that carried it from deep within Earth’s mantle. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, suggesting an extraterrestrial origin for some specimens.
While some peridot arrives on Earth via cosmic pathways, the majority is sourced from terrestrial locations. Historically, the Egyptian island of Zabargad served as a crucial source, with mining activity potentially dating back to 340–279 BCE. However, the island’s harsh environment earned it ominous nicknames like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (“snake island”). Peridot from Zabargad remains highly prized and is featured in prestigious museum collections worldwide.
Today, significant peridot deposits are found in several countries, including China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. A unique source is Peridot Beach in Hawaii, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the abundance of peridot grains. The 2007 discovery of pinkish and orangy red spinel in Tanzania also captivated gem collectors.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its distinctive yellowish-green to greenish-yellow color. This coloration is due to the presence of iron within its chemical composition. Peridot typically registers 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications, including rings.
While ultrasonic and steam cleaners can generally be used for cleaning spinel, caution is advised if the stone contains fractures. Warm soapy water remains a safe and effective cleaning method. Spinel exhibits stability when exposed to light and chemicals, but prolonged exposure to high heat can cause some colors to fade.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Peridot, in particular, has been associated with various beliefs. Red spinel, along with other red gems, was thought to be a remedy for all types of blood loss and inflammatory diseases. The red gems were believed to ease anger and promote harmony.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of peridot jewelry requires careful attention. As peridot registers 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, it is generally durable enough for everyday wear. However, it is advisable to avoid harsh impacts or abrasive materials that could scratch the surface. Cleaning peridot jewelry can be achieved with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid the use of harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these may damage the stone.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a testament to the Earth’s geological processes and the enduring fascination humans have with gemstones. From its ancient origins and association with royalty to its unique formation within the Earth’s mantle and even in meteorites, peridot’s story is one of wonder and intrigue. As the August birthstone, it continues to be cherished for its vibrant color, durability, and symbolic significance, offering a touch of cosmic beauty to those who wear it.