Sapphire, the captivating gemstone most readily associated with the color blue, holds a prominent place in history, lore, and the world of jewelry. Recognized as the birthstone for September and a traditional gift for the 45th wedding anniversary, its allure extends beyond its aesthetic beauty. This article delves into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and metaphysical beliefs surrounding sapphire, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The very name “sapphire” originates from the ancient Greek word for blue, though interestingly, the Greeks applied this term to lapis lazuli rather than the corundum mineral we now recognize as sapphire. This gem held significant cultural importance in ancient Greece, worn during worship of the god Apollo and during visits to the Oracle of Delphi. References to sapphire appear within biblical texts, with Solomon reportedly wearing a sapphire ring, potentially establishing a connection between the gemstone and wisdom, a trait subsequently associated with royalty. Sapphire was also included among the stones on Aaron’s breastplate, and sometimes linked to Abraham.
Throughout the Medieval period, high-ranking clergy favored sapphire rings, believing the stone’s blue hue represented the majesty and tranquility of the heavens. For centuries, sapphire was even considered a secondary birthstone for April, alongside diamond, before being officially designated for September in 1912.
More recent history features notable sapphires linked to prominent figures. Princess Diana’s iconic sapphire engagement ring, now worn by Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, is a well-known example, chosen by Diana because it reminded her of her mother’s ring. The historical significance of sapphire is further underscored by the tales surrounding the Star of India, a remarkable 563.35-carat star sapphire discovered in Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka).
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is the gem variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Interestingly, corundum occurs in every color except red, which is designated as ruby. The presence of trace minerals dictates the color of sapphire. For example, iron and titanium are responsible for the characteristic blue hues. It is important to note that many sapphires undergo treatments to enhance their color, and these treatments are legally required to be disclosed to the consumer. Heat treatment is the most common method, with irradiation and lattice-diffusion also employed.
Sapphire is typically mined from alluvial deposits – accumulations of sediment – rather than directly from the bedrock. Significant sources of sapphire include Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Australia, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and the United States. Specifically, the Yogo Gulch in Montana produces a unique shade of blue sapphire with a subtle teal undertone. The Star of India originated in Ceylon, which at the time of its discovery was considered part of British India.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire’s exceptional durability and wide range of colors make it a versatile choice for all types of jewelry. As a variety of corundum, sapphire is remarkably hard, making it suitable for everyday wear. While the sources do not provide a specific Mohs hardness value, they do state that diamond is the hardest substance known to man, implying sapphire is a very hard stone.
Sapphire’s chemical composition is aluminum oxide. The gem’s color range is extensive, encompassing nearly every hue except red. While blue is the most recognizable color, sapphires can be found in shades of pink, yellow, green, purple, and even colorless.
The Star of India, a particularly famous example, is a “star sapphire,” exhibiting asterism – a star-like effect caused by the presence of microscopic inclusions. Other notable star sapphires include the Midnight Star and the Star of Asia.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with symbolic meaning and attributed with various powers. The gemstone has long been associated with wisdom, insight, and the ability to discern difficult situations. It was believed to possess the power to foster peace between warring factions.
Sapphire’s association with truth, sincerity, and faithfulness has made it a popular choice for engagement rings. It was also thought to protect against envy. Medieval clergy and royalty wore sapphires to attract wealth, spiritual enlightenment, and inner peace, symbolizing a connection to Heaven.
For those practicing crystal healing, sapphire is believed to offer benefits related to hearing, inflammation, burns, cancer, depression, and poisoning. It is also said to bring joy, dispel negative thoughts, and promote inner peace.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of a sapphire is relatively straightforward. Warm soapy water and a soft brush are effective for routine cleaning. Sapphires are also safe to clean using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, owing to their durability.
Conclusion
Sapphire, September’s birthstone, is a gemstone steeped in history, symbolism, and geological wonder. From its ancient origins as a stone revered by the Greeks and associated with wisdom and royalty, to its modern-day popularity in engagement rings and fine jewelry, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its remarkable durability, diverse color range, and enduring allure ensure its place as one of the world’s most cherished gemstones.