July is one of the few months that boast two officially recognized birthstones: ruby and onyx. However, ruby is the most celebrated of the two, holding the title in both modern and traditional birthstone lists. This vibrant red gemstone has captivated humanity for centuries, revered for its beauty, rarity, and symbolic power. Known as the “king of precious stones,” ruby is not only a treasured adornment but also a gemstone steeped in history, mysticism, and cultural significance.
In this article, we will explore the ruby in depth, uncovering its geological formation, historical uses, symbolic meanings, and practical care tips. As the birthstone for July, ruby is a fitting symbol for those born under its influence, representing qualities such as passion, vitality, and protection.
History and Lore
Ancient Origins and Symbolic Significance
Ruby’s history as a revered gemstone dates back to ancient civilizations, where it was considered one of the most powerful and valuable stones. In ancient India, ruby was known as the "king of precious stones" due to its rarity, hardness, and beauty. It was believed to possess mystical powers, including the ability to predict misfortune or danger. Indian royalty often wore ruby jewelry as a symbol of power and youthful energy.
In medieval Europe, ruby was associated with health, wisdom, and success in love. It was believed to bring protection against diseases and to enhance one’s vitality. Some cultures even thought that wearing ruby could cure inflammatory ailments and soothe anger. Burmese warriors carried rubies into battle, believing them to make them invincible.
The gemstone was also thought to have spiritual significance. In some traditions, it was believed that ruby could predict the future or ward off evil. This belief made it a popular choice for protective amulets and talismans.
The Birthstone Designation
The modern designation of ruby as the July birthstone is rooted in the 20th century. In the 1950s, the Jewelers of America standardized the list of modern birthstones, and ruby was officially assigned to July. This decision was based on the stone’s historical associations with the month and its widespread popularity in jewelry.
Prior to the modern list, ruby had also been recognized as a traditional birthstone for July, with roots in ancient Greek and Roman philosophies that linked gemstones to the stars and zodiac signs. The dual recognition—both traditional and modern—has helped cement ruby’s status as one of the most beloved birthstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
What Is Ruby?
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What gives ruby its characteristic red color is the presence of trace amounts of the element chromium. The more chromium present in the crystal structure, the deeper and richer the red color. The finest rubies display a deep red with a slight purple hue, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.”
Ruby is one of the hardest naturally occurring gemstones, ranking a 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This high hardness makes it durable and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry.
Where Are Rubies Found?
Rubies are formed under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust. They are typically found in metamorphic rocks, often in association with marble and other high-pressure mineral formations. The most famous ruby-producing region is Burma (now Myanmar), where the "pigeon’s blood" rubies are considered the finest in the world.
Other significant ruby-producing countries include:
- Sri Lanka
- Thailand
- Vietnam
- Madagascar
- Afghanistan
- Tanzania
- Nepal
- Brazil
Each of these regions produces rubies with slightly different characteristics, such as color, clarity, and inclusions. However, Burmese rubies are generally considered the most valuable due to their exceptional color and clarity.
Mining and Availability
Ruby is a relatively rare gemstone, especially in high-quality, large sizes. The finest rubies are often found in alluvial deposits, where they have been eroded from their original rock formations and transported by water. These deposits can be found in riverbeds and other sedimentary areas.
Despite its rarity, ruby is still widely available in the jewelry market, though fine quality stones remain highly prized and expensive. Some of the most valuable rubies have sold for millions of dollars at auction, particularly those with exceptional color, clarity, and size.
Gemological Properties
Color and Clarity
The most important factor in determining the value of a ruby is its color. The finest rubies display a deep, rich red with a slight purple tone, often described as “pigeon’s blood.” This color is caused by the presence of chromium in the crystal structure. Rubies that appear too orange or too purple are generally considered lower in value.
Clarity is another important factor, though it is less critical than in some other gemstones. Rubies often contain inclusions, which are natural imperfections that can add to their character and authenticity. In many cases, these inclusions are considered part of the stone’s charm and can even be used to determine its origin.
Cut and Carat
Rubies are typically cut into a variety of shapes, including round, oval, emerald, and pear. The choice of cut depends on the shape and quality of the rough stone. The most common cut for ruby is the oval, as it helps to enhance the stone’s color and brilliance.
In terms of carat weight, ruby is available in a wide range of sizes. However, large, high-quality rubies are extremely rare and command very high prices. A ruby weighing more than 5 carats in fine quality is considered exceptional and highly valuable.
Hardness and Durability
Ruby is one of the hardest naturally occurring gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. This means it is highly resistant to scratches and abrasions, making it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry. However, it is important to note that ruby can have cleavage planes—directions in which the crystal structure is weaker and more prone to breakage. Therefore, it is important to handle ruby with care, especially when setting or resizing jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The Stone of Passion and Power
Ruby has long been associated with passion, energy, and power. Its deep red color is often linked to the heart and blood, symbolizing vitality and life force. In many cultures, ruby was believed to enhance one’s vitality and strength, making it a popular choice for warriors and leaders.
In some traditions, ruby was also considered a stone of protection. It was believed to ward off evil, negative energy, and diseases. Some cultures even thought that ruby could predict misfortune or danger, making it a valuable talisman for those who wore it.
Love and Romance
Ruby is also a symbol of love and romance. In medieval Europe, it was believed that ruby could bring success in love and enhance one’s attractiveness. It was also associated with the heart, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other romantic jewelry.
Today, ruby is often given as a gift to celebrate love and passion. It is also a traditional gemstone for the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, symbolizing enduring love and commitment.
Modern Metaphysical Beliefs
In modern times, ruby is still believed to have powerful metaphysical properties. It is considered a stone of courage, confidence, and motivation. It is said to enhance one’s energy and vitality, helping individuals to overcome challenges and achieve their goals.
Ruby is also believed to promote emotional healing and balance. It is often used in crystal healing to help with issues related to the heart, emotions, and self-esteem.
Wearing and Using Ruby
Ruby is often worn close to the heart to enhance its protective and healing properties. Some believe that wearing ruby on the left hand can enhance its powers, as it is closer to the heart. Others wear ruby as a talisman to bring good luck, success, and protection.
Ruby is also used in meditation and spiritual practices. It is believed to help open the heart chakra and promote feelings of love, compassion, and inner strength.
Care and Cleaning
Cleaning and Maintenance
Due to its high hardness, ruby is relatively easy to clean and maintain. However, it is important to avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive materials when cleaning ruby jewelry.
A simple and effective way to clean ruby is to use warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Gently scrub the stone and then rinse it with lukewarm water. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as they can potentially damage the stone, especially if it has inclusions or is treated with oil or other substances.
It is also important to store ruby jewelry properly to avoid scratches and damage. Store ruby separately from other gemstones, especially those with a lower hardness, to prevent scratches.
Professional Care and Repair
If ruby jewelry requires more extensive care or repair, it is best to consult a professional jeweler. This is especially important if the ruby is loose or if the setting is damaged. A jeweler can perform a basic inspection, cleaning, and polishing to restore the jewelry to its best condition.
In some cases, a ruby may need to be re-set or re-tipped if the prongs are worn or damaged. A jeweler can also help determine if the ruby has been treated and recommend the best cleaning methods.
Conclusion
Ruby is a gemstone of extraordinary beauty, rarity, and symbolism. As the July birthstone, it represents passion, vitality, and protection, making it a fitting choice for those born in this month. Its deep red color and high hardness make it one of the most desirable gemstones in the world, and its rich history and cultural significance add to its allure.
Whether worn as a piece of fine jewelry, a protective talisman, or a symbol of love and commitment, ruby continues to captivate and inspire. For those who were born in July, ruby is more than just a birthstone—it is a timeless treasure that carries with it centuries of history, meaning, and beauty.