For centuries, spinel has been a gemstone often mistaken for other, more famous varieties. Only relatively recently has this beautiful mineral received the recognition it deserves as a distinct and valuable gem. While now recognized as the secondary birthstone for August, and sharing prominence with topaz and citrine as a November birthstone, its history is rich with tales of regal confusion and enduring beauty. This article will explore the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and modern appreciation of spinel, drawing upon available knowledge of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
The name “spinel” originates from the Latin word spina, meaning thorn, a reference to the sharp, crystalline shape often exhibited by the mineral. However, its history is largely intertwined with that of ruby and sapphire. For a considerable period, many stones now identified as spinel were incorrectly classified as ruby, particularly those exhibiting a vibrant red hue. One of the most famous examples is the approximately 170-carat “Black Prince’s Ruby,” a prominent feature of the British Imperial State Crown. This stone, historically believed to be a ruby, was later definitively identified as a red spinel in the 18th century.
This misidentification wasn’t limited to a single instance. Throughout history, numerous significant red gemstones considered to be rubies were, in fact, spinel. The confusion stemmed from the similar appearance and the lack of sophisticated gemological testing methods available until more recent times. Despite this historical ambiguity, spinel was highly valued and adorned the jewelry of royalty and nobility for centuries. Red spinel, along with other red gems, was traditionally believed to be a remedy for blood loss and inflammatory diseases, and to ease anger and promote harmony. It is also the traditional gift given for a 22nd wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. Major sources of spinel include Tajikistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan. Certain locations are renowned for producing spinel with particularly striking colors. For example, Myanmar is known for its hot pink and red spinel varieties. The gem is found in association with other gemstones, often in marble formations.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide mineral with the chemical formula MgAl₂O₄. It registers a 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear, though it can be brittle and susceptible to chipping or cracking. Spinel exhibits a wide range of colors, including intense red, vibrant pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish-green. The variety of colors contributes to its increasing popularity among gem enthusiasts.
The gem displays single refraction, unlike diamond, which has double refraction. This property aids in its identification. Spinel also possesses strong pleochroism, meaning it exhibits different colors when viewed from different angles. This characteristic can be observed in some spinel varieties and adds to their visual appeal.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 |
| Refraction | Single |
| Pleochroism | Strong |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While specific metaphysical beliefs associated with spinel are not extensively detailed in the available sources, the historical association of red spinel with healing properties and the promotion of harmony suggests a symbolic connection to vitality and emotional balance. The gem’s vibrant colors likely contributed to its perceived powers, with red symbolizing passion and energy, and blue representing tranquility and wisdom.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, spinel is relatively durable and can withstand normal wear. However, its brittleness means it is more susceptible to chipping or cracking than some other gemstones. Cleaning spinel jewelry can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and luster.
Spinel as a Birthstone
Spinel is recognized as a modern birthstone for August, alongside peridot. It is also listed as a birthstone for November, sharing this designation with topaz and citrine. The inclusion of spinel on the modern birthstone chart reflects its growing recognition as a beautiful and valuable gemstone. The availability of multiple birthstones for certain months allows individuals to choose a gem that resonates with their personal preferences and style.
Beyond the Traditional List
The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months has evolved over time. While the modern list provides a standardized selection, individuals are encouraged to explore beyond these official designations and choose a gem that holds personal significance. Spinel, with its rich history, diverse colors, and enduring beauty, offers a compelling alternative or addition to the traditional birthstone options.
Conclusion
Spinel, once overshadowed by its more famous counterparts, has emerged as a gemstone worthy of independent recognition. Its captivating colors, durable nature, and fascinating history make it a prized possession for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts alike. From its regal past, often mistaken for ruby, to its current status as a celebrated birthstone, spinel continues to captivate with its understated elegance and enduring appeal. The rediscovery of this historical gem ensures its place in the world of gemstones for generations to come.