December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, boasting not one, but five recognized birthstones: zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. This abundance offers a diverse selection of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings for those born in the final month of the year. The tradition of multiple birthstones for December reflects a changing history of gemological preferences and cultural associations, evolving from earlier designations like ruby to the modern selection available today. These stones are celebrated not only for their beauty but also for the metaphysical properties and vibrant colors that have made them desirable in jewelry for centuries.
A History of Changing Attributions
The designation of birthstones has a long and evolving history. Early birthstone lists, inspired by Biblical texts, initially assigned ruby as the stone for December. However, over time, this attribution shifted. By 1870, turquoise was gaining prominence, as documented in Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” The National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) further refined the list in 1912, establishing turquoise as the primary December birthstone with lapis lazuli as an alternative. Subsequent additions in 1952 and 2002 saw zircon and tanzanite join the ranks, expanding the choices available to those seeking a December birthstone. This evolution demonstrates that birthstone associations are not fixed, but rather reflect changing tastes and cultural influences.
The Allure of Zircon
Zircon is celebrated as one of the oldest minerals on Earth, possessing significant historical and geological value. Valued for its brilliant fire and rainbow of colors, zircon offers a spectrum of hues beyond the commonly recognized blue variety. This gemstone’s appeal lies in its exceptional clarity and dispersion, which gives it a vibrant sparkle. While often confused with cubic zirconia, natural zircon is a distinct and beautiful gemstone in its own right.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Good Fortune
Turquoise, a semi-translucent to opaque gem ranging in color from blue to green, has been cherished for millennia. Ancient civilizations, including the pharaohs of Egypt and Chinese artisans, adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it possessed beneficial powers. Throughout history, turquoise was thought to guarantee health and good fortune, and from the 13th century onward, it was believed to protect the wearer from physical harm, even breaking into pieces to warn of impending disaster. Hindu mystics associated turquoise with wealth and prosperity when viewed after a new moon. The presence of matrix, or remnants of the host rock, within turquoise is a characteristic feature, adding to its unique appeal.
Tanzanite: A Modern Discovery
Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the birthstone family, discovered in the late 20th century. This gemstone is prized for its unique blue to violet color, and its rarity – it is found in only one area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania – contributes to its desirability. Tanzanite is often associated with transformation and spiritual awareness, making it a meaningful choice for those seeking a gemstone with deeper significance.
Topaz: A Gem of Serenity
Blue topaz is well-known for its calm, serene colors, offering a tranquil aesthetic. Topaz, in general, boasts a high scratch resistance, registering an 8 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it suitable for everyday wear in rings, bracelets, and other jewelry. Its durability and beauty make it a popular choice for those seeking a long-lasting and visually appealing gemstone.
Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Wisdom and Truth
Lapis Lazuli, with its intense blue color and often flecked with golden pyrite, has a rich history dating back to ancient times. While not as prominently featured in modern birthstone lists as zircon, turquoise, or tanzanite, it remains a traditional December birthstone, carrying with it associations of wisdom, truth, and royalty.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While each December birthstone possesses unique characteristics, some commonalities and differences exist in their gemological properties.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5 - 7.5 | Colorless, Blue, Brown, Yellow, Green | Transparent |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5 - 6 | Blue, Blue-Green, Green | Opaque |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6 - 7 | Blue, Violet, Bluish-Purple | Transparent |
| Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | 8 | Blue, Yellow, Brown, Pink, Colorless | Transparent |
| Lapis Lazuli | (Na,Ca)₈-₉Al₆Si₆O₂₄S₄ | 5 - 6 | Deep Blue | Opaque |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December’s birthstones are imbued with a variety of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. Tanzanite is believed to promote spiritual awareness and transformation. Zircon symbolizes wisdom, prosperity, and clarity. Topaz is thought to bring serenity and calmness, while lapis lazuli is linked to truth, wisdom, and royalty. These associations contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones, offering wearers not only aesthetic beauty but also a sense of connection to deeper meanings.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of December birthstones requires careful handling and cleaning. Due to its relatively lower hardness, turquoise is susceptible to scratching and should be protected from harsh impacts. Tanzanite and zircon, while more durable, can be damaged by ultrasonic cleaners and should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Topaz is relatively durable and can withstand gentle cleaning methods. Lapis lazuli, being somewhat porous, should be cleaned carefully to avoid absorption of cleaning agents. Following these simple care instructions will help ensure that December birthstones remain vibrant and beautiful for years to come.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich mix of history and symbolism, making each unique for those born in this month. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. When choosing between these gemstones, December’s stones stand out with their vibrant colors and deep cultural roots, providing a distinct way to express individuality. Purchasing these gemstones requires careful research and consultation with experts to ensure quality and authenticity. Their unique traits demand thoughtful handling and care to maintain their beauty over time. As fine jewelry, December's birthstones are not only stylish but also connect wearers to historical and cultural narratives, enhancing both their aesthetic appeal and personal meaning.