December is a month celebrated with a multitude of traditions, and fittingly, it boasts a diverse selection of birthstones – zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. While turquoise has historically held the most consistent position as a December birthstone, the modern list includes blue zircon and blue topaz, with tanzanite being a more recent addition. This variety offers individuals born in December a range of choices reflecting different colors, histories, and personal meanings. These gemstones are not merely beautiful adornments; they are imbued with cultural significance and historical narratives that span centuries.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is complex, with lists evolving over time. Early associations, inspired by Biblical gemstone references, initially designated ruby as the stone for December. However, by 1870, turquoise was recognized by Tiffany & Co., and subsequently, in 1912, it was listed as the primary December birthstone by the National Association of Jewellers, alongside lapis lazuli as an alternative. Zircon was added to this list in 1952, and tanzanite joined the ranks in 2002, reflecting its relatively recent discovery.
Turquoise, in particular, has a long and storied past. It was cherished by ancient Egyptians, adorning pharaohs, and held sacred significance for Native American tribes, who utilized it in ceremonial jewelry. Lapis lazuli, with its distinctive deep blue color and golden pyrite inclusions, was historically prized for its association with royalty and spirituality, appearing in art, jewelry, and spiritual practices. These traditional gems have been used for centuries, their value extending beyond mere aesthetics. The trend of wearing birthstones isn’t a recent fashion, but rather a practice rooted in ancient medieval times.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources for December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise, as the name suggests, is often associated with Turkey, though significant deposits are also found in the United States, particularly in the southwestern states. Lapis lazuli has been mined in Afghanistan for thousands of years, and remains a primary source. Zircon is found in a variety of locations worldwide, while tanzanite is remarkably unique, being discovered in only one area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Topaz is sourced from Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Russia, among other locations.
The geological formation of these stones varies. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, forming in igneous rocks and metamorphic environments. Tanzanite’s unique formation requires specific geological conditions found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. Turquoise forms through a chemical reaction involving copper, aluminum, and phosphate, often in arid regions.
Gemological Properties
December’s birthstones exhibit a wide range of gemological properties.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Sky blue, greenish-blue, apple green | 5-6 |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Blue, violet, purple | 6.5-7 |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | Blue, golden, red, clear | 6.5-7.5 |
| Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | Blue, yellow, brown, pink | 8 |
| Lapis Lazuli | (Na,Ca)9Al6(SiO4)6(SO4,S,OH)2 | Deep blue with pyrite inclusions | 5-6 |
Turquoise is known for its opaque nature and distinctive color, while tanzanite is prized for its pleochroism – displaying different colors when viewed from different angles. Zircon is celebrated for its brilliant fire and dispersion, sometimes rivaling that of a diamond. Topaz is a relatively hard stone, making it durable for jewelry, and is often treated to enhance its blue color. Lapis lazuli’s deep blue hue is due to the presence of sulfur compounds, and the golden flecks are pyrite.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, December birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, believed to bring good fortune and ward off negative energy. It is associated with wisdom, nobility, and the power of communication. Lapis lazuli, with its association with royalty, symbolizes wisdom, truth, and spiritual enlightenment.
Zircon is believed to promote prosperity, honor, and wisdom, and is sometimes used to calm anxiety and enhance creativity. Tanzanite is thought to stimulate intuition and facilitate spiritual awareness, while also promoting a sense of calm and tranquility. Topaz is associated with strength, intellect, and loyalty. These stones are believed to reflect the wearer’s personality and bring a variety of cultural significances.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, requiring gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Tanzanite is also relatively delicate and should be protected from scratches and sudden temperature changes. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Zircon, being harder, can withstand more rigorous cleaning, but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Topaz is durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, or with an ultrasonic cleaner. Lapis lazuli, like turquoise, is relatively soft and should be cleaned gently.
By following these simple care instructions, the vibrancy and beauty of December birthstones can be preserved for years to come.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich mix of history and symbolism, making each unique for those born in this month. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. When choosing between these gemstones, December’s stones stand out with their vibrant colors and deep cultural roots, providing a distinct way to express individuality. Purchasing these gemstones requires careful research and consultation with experts to ensure quality and authenticity. Their unique traits demand thoughtful handling and care to maintain their beauty over time. As fine jewelry, December's birthstones are not only stylish but also connect wearers to historical and cultural narratives, enhancing both their aesthetic appeal and personal meaning.