December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, offering not one, but three – and sometimes four – gemstones to those born within its span. Turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon are the most consistently recognized December birthstones, each possessing a distinct history, allure, and symbolic meaning. Blue topaz is also frequently associated with the month, adding to the variety of choices. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of these captivating gems, exploring their journey from ancient lore to modern adornment.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month has evolved over time. Early birthstone lists, inspired by Biblical texts, initially designated ruby as the stone for December. However, as time progressed and gem discoveries expanded, the list underwent revisions. By 1870, turquoise had emerged as a prominent December birthstone, as documented in Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” The National Association of Jewellers further solidified turquoise’s position in 1912, listing it as the primary stone for December, with lapis lazuli as an alternative. Zircon was added to the list in 1952, and tanzanite joined the ranks in 2002, reflecting its relatively recent discovery.
Turquoise boasts a particularly rich history, cherished for millennia across numerous cultures. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise, and Chinese artisans were carving it as early as 3,000 years ago. The stone was believed to possess protective qualities, safeguarding wearers from harm – even preventing falls from horses. Hindu mystics associated turquoise with wealth and good fortune when viewed after a new moon.
Zircon, being the oldest of the three, dates back over 4.4 billion years, while turquoise’s history extends to 3000 BC. Tanzanite is the newest addition, discovered in 1967 in Tanzania.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise forms in relatively dry, arid regions, often in the vicinity of copper deposits. Notable mining locations include the United States (Arizona, California, and Nevada), Mexico, Iran (historically the source of the most valuable turquoise), Chile, China, and Tibet. The presence of matrix, or remnants of the host rock, within turquoise is common and often contributes to its unique character.
Zircon is found in a wider range of geological settings, with deposits in Brazil, Afghanistan, Australia, Myanmar (Burma), China, Germany, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, and the USA. Blue zircon is a particularly popular variety.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its relative rarity and value.
Blue topaz deposits are found in Brazil, Afghanistan, Australia, Myanmar (Burma), China, Germany, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, Ukraine and the USA. Natural light-blue topaz is found in Northern Ireland and the UK.
Gemological Properties
Each of these birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties. Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, ranging in color from blue to green. Its color is influenced by the presence of copper and iron.
Zircon, a natural mineral called zirconium silicate, exhibits a high refractive index, contributing to its exceptional sparkle and brilliance. It occurs in a variety of colors, including red, brown, yellow, green, and colorless. The colorless variety, due to its diamond-like brilliance, serves as a natural diamond substitute, while blue zircon is the most popular color for December. Zircon is remarkably dense, approximately 50% denser than diamond.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is known for its trichroism – displaying different colors (blue, violet, and burgundy) when viewed from different angles. Its color is often enhanced through heat treatment.
Here's a comparative table summarizing key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color(s) | Transparency | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Blue to Green | Opaque | 5-6 |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | Blue, Red, Brown, Yellow, Clear | Transparent | 6.5-7.5 |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | Transparent | 6-7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, health, and good fortune. Ancient cultures believed it could ward off evil and safeguard travelers.
Zircon, beyond its aesthetic appeal, was thought to promote wisdom, prosperity, and honor.
Tanzanite, a more recent addition to the birthstone list, is believed to stimulate intuition and facilitate communication. It is often associated with transformation and spiritual growth.
The overarching theme connecting these December birthstones is a sense of calm and serenity, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season. The blue hues prevalent in all three stones are often linked to tranquility, stability, and inner peace.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these gemstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners.
Zircon, with its higher hardness, is more durable but can still be chipped or scratched. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Tanzanite, while relatively durable, is sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners.
December 17th Birthstone
For someone born on December 17th, the birthstone options include Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Zircon. The sources indicate a rotating list of birthstones assigned to each day of the month, with Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Blue Zircon appearing multiple times throughout December.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient protective powers attributed to turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite and the enduring sparkle of zircon, these gems offer a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. Their unique geological origins, distinct gemological properties, and rich cultural significance make them treasured possessions and meaningful symbols of December’s cool, introspective spirit.