August boasts a trio of recognized birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offering a diverse range of colors and histories for those born in this summer month. While spinel gained recognition relatively recently, and sardonyx holds ancient significance, peridot stands out as the traditional and modern birthstone most prominently associated with August. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is rich and often intertwined with misidentification. Throughout much of history, this vibrant green gem was frequently confused with emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, believed to be a source of topaz, actually yielded significant quantities of peridot. As one source notes, many historical references to “topaz” likely describe what we now know as peridot. This confusion dates back centuries, with George Frederick Kuntz observing in 1913 that the “topaz of the ancients was usually our chrysolite, or peridot.”
The gem’s history extends back over 4,000 years, with evidence of its use in ancient Egypt. Known as the “gem of the Sun,” peridot was highly prized by the Egyptians, and some believe Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection actually consisted largely of peridot. The stone also holds a place in biblical history, with some scholars suggesting it was peridot, not topaz, referenced in ancient texts.
Beyond Egypt, peridot has been found adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, where 200 carats of gems previously believed to be emeralds were identified as peridot. This demonstrates the gem’s enduring appeal and historical value. The name “peridot” itself is derived from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning “gem.”
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of magnesium and iron. Its distinctive green hue arises from the amount of iron present within its chemical structure, ranging from yellowish-green to olive and dark green. The formation of peridot is a dramatic process, occurring deep within the Earth’s mantle under extreme conditions.
These gems are brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found within hardened lava flows. This explains its nickname, “Pele’s Tears,” referencing the Hawaiian volcano goddess of fire, Pele. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered within meteorites, offering an extraterrestrial source for this captivating gem.
While volcanic activity is a primary source, specific locations are known for producing gem-quality peridot. Sources do not specify particular mining locations beyond the Red Sea island of Topazios and the implication of volcanic regions generally.
Gemological Properties
Peridot possesses a unique set of gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and desirability. It is a relatively soft gemstone, registering 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs hardness scale. This means it is susceptible to scratching and requires careful handling.
The gem’s color is its most defining characteristic, ranging from yellowish-green to olive and dark green, dependent on iron content. Clarity is generally good, though inclusions are common. Peridot typically exhibits a vitreous luster, giving it a glassy sheen.
While specific refractive index and specific gravity data are not provided in the sources, the gem’s composition as a magnesium-iron silicate is clearly established. Peridot is known for its relatively small crystal size, making larger, high-quality specimens particularly valuable.
Here's a table summarizing Peridot's key properties based on the provided sources:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Composition | Magnesium Iron Silicate |
| Color | Yellowish-green to Olive to Dark Green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous (Glassy) |
| Origin | Volcanic activity, Meteorites |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is considered a stone of forgiveness, aiding those who struggle to admit their mistakes. Peridot is also believed to help manifest dreams and take responsibility for one’s life and actions.
Ancient cultures associated peridot with protection and good fortune. In some traditions, it is linked to nobility and prosperity. More modern interpretations suggest peridot can connect individuals to their guardians, build self-respect, willpower, and creativity. It is also believed to align the body’s meridians, promoting optimism and vitality.
One source highlights peridot’s connection to the soul, symbolizing wisdom and spiritual truth, bringing peace of mind. It is also associated with nurturing energy and awakening Kundalini energy, suggesting a deeper spiritual significance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. The gem is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from abrasive materials. Cleaning peridot is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone.
It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to potential impacts. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and luster. Given its potential for scratching, storing peridot jewelry separately from harder gemstones is recommended.
Conclusion
Peridot, the traditional and modern birthstone for August, is a gem steeped in history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins in Egypt and its frequent misidentification as emerald or topaz, to its dramatic formation within the Earth’s mantle and even within meteorites, peridot’s story is captivating. Its vibrant green hues, coupled with its associations with forgiveness, prosperity, and spiritual growth, make it a cherished gemstone for those born in August and a fascinating subject for gem enthusiasts and students of gemology alike. The enduring appeal of peridot lies not only in its beauty but also in its rich cultural heritage and the unique geological processes that bring it to light.