December is a month rich in symbolism and beauty, marked by the arrival of winter and the celebration of the holiday season. But for those born in December, the month also holds a special connection to three captivating gemstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Topaz. These stones, with their striking blue tones and unique properties, have fascinated people for centuries and continue to be treasured in fine jewelry.
This article explores the historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolic meanings of these December birthstones. It also delves into the practical aspects of caring for jewelry featuring these gems and highlights their popularity in modern collections.
The Historical and Cultural Significance of December Birthstones
The tradition of birthstones is a centuries-old practice that links gemstones to the months of the year. The modern American birthstone list was established in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewelers Association, now known as Jewelers of America. This organization formalized the list to help jewelers market gemstones to consumers in a more personalized way. December was assigned three gemstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Blue Zircon, though the latter is sometimes replaced with Blue Topaz, particularly in North America.
Each of these gemstones carries its own historical and cultural legacy. Turquoise, for example, has been prized for millennia and is among the oldest known gemstones. Its blue-green hues have been associated with protection and good fortune in many ancient civilizations. Tanzanite, on the other hand, is a relatively modern discovery, first found in Tanzania in 1967. Its deep blue and violet tones have quickly made it a favorite among gemstone enthusiasts. Blue Topaz, especially in its "Swiss Blue" variety, is admired for its affordability, durability, and enchanting blue color.
Together, these three gems represent a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and natural beauty that has captivated people across cultures and centuries.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of a gemstone provides insight into its rarity, durability, and the environments in which it forms. Each of December’s birthstones has a unique geological story.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(Cu)(PO₄)₂(OH)₂·4H₂O. It forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits and is often found in arid climates where weathering and water movement can bring the minerals to the surface. Historically, Persia (modern-day Iran) was one of the most famous sources of turquoise, but today, significant deposits are found in the United States (Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico), Mexico, China, and Egypt.
Turquoise is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 5–6, making it more prone to scratches and damage compared to other gemstones. It also has a porous structure, which can absorb oils and moisture, making it sensitive to heat and chemicals.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a trigonal mineral with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(AlSiO₄)(SiO₄)O₆(OH)₂. It is a type of columbite-zircon, and its striking blue and violet colors are the result of trivalent iron impurities and anomalous absorption in its crystal structure. Tanzanite is unique because it is found exclusively in Tanzania, near the Serengeti National Park and Mount Kilimanjaro. It was discovered in 1967 by Masai tribesmen, and its rarity has made it a highly sought-after gemstone.
Tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6–7, making it durable enough for everyday wear, though it is still more fragile than diamonds or sapphires. It also has a trigonal cleavage, which means it can be prone to chipping if struck at the right angle.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂, and its blue color comes from traces of impurities such as iron and irradiation. Naturally occurring blue topaz is extremely rare, so most blue topaz used in jewelry is treated to enhance or create its color. The "Swiss Blue" and "London Blue" varieties are among the most popular.
Blue Topaz is harder than both Turquoise and Tanzanite, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it a durable and practical choice for everyday jewelry. It is also not porous, which makes it easier to clean and maintain.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
The gemological properties of a stone determine its appearance, durability, and suitability for use in jewelry. Here is a detailed breakdown of the properties of each December birthstone:
Turquoise
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Color | Blue-green, ranging from pale to deep, with matrix patterns of black, brown, or white |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 5–6 |
| Luster | Waxy to sub-vitreous |
| Refractive Index | 1.61–1.65 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.7–2.9 |
| Transparency | Opaque to slightly translucent |
| Cleavage | None |
| Fracture | Uneven to conchoidal |
| Treatment | Often stabilized with resin or wax to improve durability |
Turquoise is typically cut into cabochons or beads and set in gold, silver, or base metals. Its softness means it should be handled with care and stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
Tanzanite
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Color | Deep blue with violet overtones |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6–7 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Refractive Index | 1.694–1.700 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.1–3.4 |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Cleavage | Trigonal |
| Fracture | Conchoidal to uneven |
| Treatment | Heat-treated to enhance color and clarity |
Tanzanite is usually cut into ovals, cushions, or emerald cuts, and it is often paired with diamonds or white gold to highlight its color. Because of its cleavage, it should be protected from hard knocks and not worn during high-impact activities.
Blue Topaz
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Color | Blue (Swiss Blue, London Blue, Sky Blue) |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 8 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Refractive Index | 1.61–1.63 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.5–3.6 |
| Transparency | Transparent |
| Cleavage | None |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Treatment | Irradiated and heated to enhance color |
Blue Topaz is versatile and is often used in rings, earrings, pendants, and bracelets. Its hardness and lack of cleavage make it ideal for daily wear. It is also relatively affordable, making it a popular choice for both fashion and fine jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
In addition to their physical beauty, December birthstones are rich in symbolism and metaphysical meaning, which have been passed down through centuries of cultural and spiritual traditions.
Turquoise: Protection and Communication
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and spiritual connection. In ancient Egypt, it was used in amulets to ward off evil and was believed to protect the wearer in battle. In Native American cultures, especially among the Navajo and Zuni tribes, turquoise was considered a stone of the sky and the sea, symbolizing good fortune, balance, and communication.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that turquoise enhances verbal communication, self-expression, and confidence. It is also thought to help soothe the throat and improve digestion, according to some sources.
Tanzanite: Transformation and Spiritual Growth
Tanzanite is often called "the stone of transformation" due to its ability to help individuals navigate change and personal growth. It is believed to open the mind to new ideas, promote emotional healing, and encourage spiritual evolution.
Its deep blue and violet tones are associated with the throat and third eye chakras, making it a popular stone for those seeking to enhance intuition, creativity, and self-awareness. Some also believe that tanzanite helps in resolving emotional conflicts and fostering compassion.
Blue Topaz: Clarity and Inner Peace
Blue Topaz is known for its calming and energizing properties. It is believed to bring mental clarity, emotional balance, and a sense of tranquility. Some sources suggest that blue topaz can help alleviate stress, anxiety, and fear, making it a popular stone for meditation and spiritual practices.
In modern metaphysical traditions, blue topaz is also associated with communication and public speaking, making it a favored gem for those who wish to speak confidently and clearly. It is also believed to enhance memory and concentration, making it a useful stone for students and professionals.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstone Jewelry
Proper care and maintenance are essential to preserving the beauty and longevity of jewelry featuring December birthstones. Below are some general guidelines for each gemstone:
Turquoise
- Avoid exposure to heat, chemicals, and sunlight, as these can cause fading and cracking.
- Clean gently with a soft cloth and warm, soapy water. Do not use ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
- Store separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Tanzanite
- Avoid hard knocks or pressure to prevent cleavage.
- Clean with a mild detergent and a soft brush, or use an ultrasonic cleaner if the gemstone is free of inclusions.
- Avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, which can cause fading.
Blue Topaz
- Topaz is one of the more durable December birthstones, so it can be cleaned with an ultrasonic or steam cleaner.
- Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners.
- Store in a soft pouch or jewelry box to prevent scratches.
Conclusion
December birthstone jewelry offers a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolism, making it a cherished choice for those born in the final month of the year. Whether it's the serene blue of Turquoise, the deep and mystical tones of Tanzanite, or the vibrant and affordable charm of Blue Topaz, each gemstone carries its own legacy and meaning.
From its ancient roots in Egyptian and Native American cultures to its modern-day use in fine jewelry and fashion, the December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire. Whether worn for personal significance, spiritual growth, or simply aesthetic appeal, these stones are a timeless reminder of the beauty and complexity of the natural world.
For those considering December birthstone jewelry, it is important to understand the gemological properties and care requirements to ensure that these precious pieces remain in excellent condition for years to come. With the right knowledge and care, December birthstone jewelry can be a lasting symbol of personal identity, heritage, and style.