October is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: opal and tourmaline. Both gemstones are celebrated for their remarkable display of color, and have rich histories interwoven with lore and legend. This article will explore the origins, properties, and significance of these captivating October birthstones, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The history of opal stretches back to ancient times. The name “opal” is believed to have originated in India, where it was known as upala, meaning “precious stone,” in Sanskrit. This term evolved into opalus in ancient Rome. Throughout history, opal has inspired diverse interpretations. Ancient Greeks believed the stone bestowed the gift of prophecy and offered protection from disease. Europeans considered it a symbol of purity, hope, and truth, and for centuries, opal was thought to embody the virtues of all colored stones. Bedouins held the belief that opal contained lightning and fell to earth during thunderstorms.
Tourmaline’s history is somewhat more recent in terms of formal recognition, though its origins are equally fascinating. The name “tourmaline” derives from the Sinhalese word toramalli, meaning “stone with mixed colors,” a fitting description given the gem’s propensity for displaying multiple hues within a single crystal. For a long period, tourmaline was often mistaken for other gemstones. Notable examples include a “ruby” in the Russian crown jewels, which was, in fact, red tourmaline (rubellite), and green tourmaline crystals found in Brazil by Spanish conquistadors in the 1500s, initially believed to be emeralds. It wasn’t until the 19th century that scientists definitively classified tourmaline as a distinct mineral species.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources detail limited information regarding the geological formation of either opal or tourmaline. Opal is noted as originating from India, the source of the first opals brought to the Western world. The sources do not provide specific details on the formation process.
Tourmaline, however, is described as forming in a variety of colors, and is found in multiple locations. Green tourmaline crystals were discovered in Brazil in the 1500s, while red tourmaline (rubellite) was found in Russia and incorporated into the crown jewels. The sources do not provide a comprehensive list of current mining locations.
Gemological Properties
Both opal and tourmaline exhibit a wide range of properties, contributing to their appeal. Opal is valued for its “play-of-color,” the shifting rainbow hues within the stone. This phenomenon is a key characteristic of fine opals. However, opal is relatively soft, ranging from 5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This means it is susceptible to scratches from harder gemstones like diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds, and should be stored separately to prevent damage. Opal can also be treated by impregnation with oil, wax, or plastic to enhance its appearance. Opal doublets and triplets consist of thin slices of opal glued to a base material and covered with a clear quartz dome. These treated opals require careful cleaning, as prolonged exposure to water can weaken the adhesive, and sudden temperature changes or high heat can cause fracturing.
Tourmaline, similarly, displays an “incomparable variety of colors,” earning it the nickname “gemstone of the rainbow.” The sources specifically mention pink and red rubellites, emerald green “chrome” tourmalines, and neon green and blue-to-violet “paraíba” tourmalines as popular varieties. The name itself reflects this characteristic, originating from the Sinhalese word for “stone with mixed colors.” The sources do not provide a specific Mohs hardness for tourmaline.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties as presented in the sources:
| Property | Opal | Tourmaline |
|---|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5 - 6.5 | Not specified |
| Play-of-Color | Present | Absent |
| Color Variety | Variable | Extensive |
| Treatments | Oil, wax, plastic | Not specified |
| Notable Types | N/A | Rubellite, Chrome, Paraíba |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and tourmaline have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Opal has been associated with purity, hope, and truth, and was once believed to embody the virtues of all colored stones.
Tourmaline’s symbolism is tied to its diverse colors. Black tourmaline is believed to offer protection and instill self-confidence. Pink tourmaline is associated with love, compassion, and gentleness. Green tourmaline is thought to promote courage, strength, and stamina. Ancient mystics believed tourmaline could inspire artistic expression due to its wide range of colors.
Tourmaline is also the traditional stone given to celebrate the eighth wedding anniversary. Opal, conversely, is associated with the fourteenth wedding anniversary.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of both opal and tourmaline. The sources emphasize that opal should be cleaned with warm, soapy water. Harsh cleaning methods can damage the stone or any filler material present in doublets or triplets. Prolonged water exposure should be avoided for these composite opals.
While specific cleaning instructions for tourmaline are not provided, its greater durability (relative to opal) suggests it may tolerate more conventional cleaning methods. However, given the potential for variations in treatment and composition, gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water is generally recommended for all tourmaline jewelry.
Conclusion
Opal and tourmaline, the captivating birthstones of October, offer a stunning spectrum of color and a rich tapestry of history and lore. From ancient beliefs in their protective powers to their modern appreciation for their aesthetic beauty, these gemstones continue to fascinate and inspire. Whether valued for their play-of-color, their diverse hues, or their symbolic meanings, opal and tourmaline remain cherished gems for those born in the tenth month, and for all who appreciate the wonders of the natural world.