November is a unique month in the world of birthstones, graced with not one, but two beautiful gemstones: topaz and citrine. Both stones offer a vibrant spectrum of color and a rich history, making them cherished choices for those born in the eleventh month of the year. While topaz traditionally held the position as the sole November birthstone, citrine was later added, providing individuals with a delightful selection to represent their birth month. This article will delve into the origins, properties, historical significance, and care of both topaz and citrine, exploring what makes these gemstones so special.
History and Lore
The history of November birthstones is intertwined with ancient beliefs and evolving traditions. The month of November itself has roots in Roman and Anglo-Saxon cultures, originally named from the Latin “novem” meaning “nine,” as it was the ninth month in the older Roman calendar. Anglo-Saxons referred to it as Blōtmōnaþ, signifying “blood sacrifice.” Ancient Romans celebrated festivals during this time, while modern November is marked by holidays like Thanksgiving and Veterans Day in the United States, as well as All Saints’ Day and the Day of the Dead.
The designation of birthstones dates back to Biblical times, with lists of twelve gemstones associated with the tribes of Israel and the months of the year. Initially, topaz was the established November birthstone. The addition of citrine came later, formalized in the 19th century with the release of pamphlets by Tiffany & Co. in 1870.
Topaz has a long and storied past, with its name potentially originating from the Sanskrit word “tapas” meaning “fire,” or the Greek “topazos.” Ancient Greeks believed topaz bestowed strength upon its wearer, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s thought it could ward off magic spells and quell anger. In India, wearing topaz above the heart was believed to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence.
Citrine’s history is also marked by association with positive attributes. Ancient civilizations revered it as a lucky stone, believing it attracted wealth and prosperity. It was often mistaken for topaz, and consequently, inherited beliefs about its protective and calming powers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz, a mineral composed of aluminum silicate and fluorine, is found in various regions worldwide. Significant sources include Brazil, Russia, Sri Lanka, and Mexico. More recently, Namibia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the United States, and historic Russian localities have also become important sources. The gemstone forms in igneous rocks and is often found in alluvial deposits.
Citrine, a transparent variety of quartz ranging in color from yellow to brownish orange, is primarily sourced from Brazil, Bolivia, and Madagascar. It is formed from quartz crystals exposed to high temperatures, resulting in its characteristic golden hues.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their beauty and durability.
Topaz:
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum silicate and fluorine
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Color: Colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and rarely red. Many blue topazes are created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. A rainbow effect, seen in “Mystic Topaz,” is achieved by coating the stone with a thin artificial film.
- Pleochroism: Topaz exhibits pleochroism, displaying different colors when viewed from different crystal directions.
- Crystal Structure: Deeply penetrates light, resulting in brilliance and sparkle.
Citrine:
- Chemical Composition: Silicon dioxide (quartz)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Color: Yellow to brownish orange
- Transparency: Transparent
- Durability: Resistant to scratches and abrasions.
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Composition | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Hardness | 8 | 7 |
| Typical Colors | Blue, Yellow | Yellow, Orange |
| Pleochroism | Yes | No |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both topaz and citrine have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Topaz embodies strength, protection, and vitality, often associated with the warmth of the sun due to its golden hues. It has been believed to enhance strength, provide protection against harm, and assure long life, beauty, and intelligence.
Citrine symbolizes abundance, prosperity, and joy. Its radiant golden color evokes feelings of warmth and positivity. It was historically believed to soothe tempers and calm the wearer, and is often associated with attracting wealth and positive energy.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the brilliance and beauty of both topaz and citrine.
Topaz:
Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, but possesses poor toughness, making it susceptible to chipping or cracking. Steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided. Warm, soapy water is the best method for cleaning topaz. Sudden temperature changes and high heat should be avoided, as they can cause internal breaks. Prolonged exposure to heat or sunlight may cause fading in some yellow-to-brown gems. Abrasive cleaners should not be used on “Mystic Topaz” as they will remove the coating.
Citrine:
Citrine is relatively durable, but should still be handled with care. Warm, soapy water is suitable for cleaning. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners.
Market Value and Jewelry
Both topaz and citrine are generally affordably priced birthstones, as good-quality gems are not as rare as some other gemstones. Topaz jewelry ranges in price from around $20 for smaller pieces to over $500 for larger or higher-quality items. Citrine is also readily available and typically falls within a similar price range.
Both gemstones are versatile and can be found in a wide range of jewelry pieces, including rings, pendants, earrings, and bracelets. Their vibrant colors and affordability make them popular choices for both everyday wear and special occasions.
Conclusion
Topaz and citrine, the November birthstones, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From ancient beliefs in their protective powers to their modern association with prosperity and joy, these gemstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of those born in November. Their affordability and versatility make them accessible to a wide range of jewelry enthusiasts, ensuring their enduring popularity for generations to come.