Turquoise, a captivating gemstone ranging in color from blue to green, holds a prominent place as a traditional birthstone for December. Revered for over 5,000 years across numerous cultures, this opaque gem boasts a rich history intertwined with beliefs in its protective powers and associations with good fortune. Its unique coloration, often veined with matrix, and varied origins contribute to its enduring appeal in jewelry and beyond. This article will delve into the history, geological sources, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of turquoise, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of turquoise stretches back to ancient times, with evidence of its use dating as far back as 4000 BCE in Egypt. Archaeological findings reveal that the pharaohs and rulers of ancient Egypt adorned themselves with this vibrant stone, believing it to possess beneficial powers, guaranteeing health and good fortune. The ancient Egyptians referred to turquoise as “mefkat,” meaning “joy” and “delight.”
Its journey continued through the centuries, reaching Europe via Turkish trade routes in the 13th century, hence the name “turquoise,” derived from the French “pierre tourques,” or “Turkish stone.” Throughout history, turquoise has been valued by diverse civilizations, including the Persians and Native American cultures. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after beholding the new moon would ensure great wealth.
A popular belief throughout the ages was that turquoise offered protection, particularly against accidental falls – a crucial safeguard when traveling by horseback. It was thought to change color or even break into pieces as a warning of impending disaster. In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers officially recognized turquoise as one of the birthstones for December, solidifying its place in modern birthstone tradition. It is also traditionally associated with the zodiac sign of Sagittarius and marks the 11th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms from the alteration of existing minerals. Specifically, it is a copper aluminum phosphate, created when chemicals seep from surrounding rocks through rainwater and groundwater in semi-humid and dry environments. The presence of copper is fundamental to the stone’s characteristic blue hue, while iron contributes to greenish shades.
Historically, Iran’s Nishapur district was the primary source of highly prized turquoise, known for its intense, even blue color, often referred to as “robin’s egg blue,” “sky blue,” or “Persian blue.” This designation is now used to describe turquoise of this color regardless of its origin.
While Iran remains a significant source, modern production is dominated by China, particularly the Hubei Province. In the United States, turquoise mining flourished in New Mexico until the 1920s, with current production largely concentrated in Arizona and Nevada. Notable mines include the Kingman mine in Arizona, historically known for its intense blue turquoise, and the now-closed Sleeping Beauty mine, a prolific producer for over four decades.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is characterized as a semi-translucent to opaque gem, exhibiting a color range from blue to green. The presence of matrix – remnants of the host rock – often creates distinctive veining patterns within the stone. These veins can be black, silver, tan, or gold, contributing to the gem’s unique character.
The quality of turquoise is judged based on three primary factors: color, texture, and the presence of matrix. The most sought-after color is an even, intense medium blue, often described as “Persian blue.” Green to greenish-blue turquoise is generally less desirable, though some contemporary designers actively seek out shades of avocado and lime green.
On the Mohs hardness scale, turquoise registers between 5 and 6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching. This lower hardness requires careful handling and consideration when designing and wearing turquoise jewelry. Its chemical formula is copper aluminum phosphate.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It represents prosperity, love, and good fortune. Beyond these general associations, turquoise is believed to promote positive energy, foster feelings of happiness and contentment, and encourage honesty in relationships and communication. Some also believe it enhances spiritual awareness and connection.
The stone’s protective qualities have been a recurring theme in various cultures. The belief that it would break at the approach of disaster highlights its perceived ability to ward off harm. Its long-standing association with health and well-being further reinforces its positive symbolism.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, turquoise requires careful handling and cleaning. The stone is porous and can absorb oils and moisture, potentially affecting its color over time. It is susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and even prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Cleaning turquoise jewelry should be done gently with a soft cloth and lukewarm water. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or harsh chemicals. It is advisable to remove turquoise jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to chemicals like hairspray or cleaning products. Stabilization treatments, such as waxing, are often applied to enhance durability, but these may require periodic reapplication.
Turquoise Quality Factors
The quality of turquoise is determined by several factors, with color being paramount. An even, intense blue, reminiscent of a robin’s egg, is the most prized hue. However, green turquoise is gaining popularity among some designers. Texture also plays a role, with fine-grained turquoise generally considered more desirable. The presence and pattern of matrix are also important considerations, contributing to the stone’s unique character and appeal. Some appreciate the contrast created by the matrix, while others prefer a cleaner, more uniform appearance.
Turquoise in Modern Jewelry
Today, turquoise continues to be a popular choice for jewelry designers, appearing in a wide range of styles, from traditional Native American designs to contemporary settings. Its versatility allows it to be incorporated into rings, pendants, earrings, and bracelets. The stone’s unique color and matrix patterns make each piece one-of-a-kind. Designers often utilize turquoise in combination with other gemstones, such as silver and gold, to create striking and visually appealing jewelry.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones throughout history. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern-day popularity as a December birthstone, this captivating gem has consistently captivated cultures with its vibrant color, unique matrix patterns, and symbolic significance. Its relatively soft nature necessitates careful handling, but its beauty and rich history continue to make it a cherished gemstone for enthusiasts and collectors alike. The stone’s association with prosperity, protection, and good fortune ensures its continued relevance in jewelry and beyond.