September is represented by the captivating sapphire, a gemstone steeped in history, symbolism, and enduring beauty. While traditionally associated with the color blue, sapphires actually occur in a remarkable range of hues, making them a versatile and cherished gem. For centuries, this stone has adorned royalty, inspired legends, and been believed to possess protective and healing properties. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological characteristics, and cultural significance of the September birthstone.
History and Lore
The history of the sapphire stretches back millennia, with mentions in ancient texts from both Greece and Rome. Ancient civilizations, including those in Greece and Rome, believed blue sapphires offered protection from harm and envy. Ancient Persians held a particularly striking belief, positing that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the sky’s blue color. In the Middle Ages, sapphires were highly prized by the clergy, who associated the gem with Heaven, and frequently incorporated them into ecclesiastical robes.
Throughout history, sapphire has been a symbol of sincerity, faithfulness, and nobility. Its association with royalty is particularly strong, evidenced by its presence in the jewelry of prominent figures like Princess Diana and Kate Middleton. The gemstone’s enduring appeal is a testament to its beauty and the rich lore surrounding it. The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which featured twelve different gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. This practice evolved over time, with individuals initially collecting all twelve stones and wearing the appropriate one for each month, believing it held heightened powers during that period.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) crystal. Pure corundum is colorless, but trace elements within the crystal structure create the various colors seen in sapphires. Blue sapphires derive their color from trace amounts of iron and titanium. While blue is the most well-known color, sapphires can also be found in pink, yellow, green, orange, purple, and even colorless forms. Red corundum is known as ruby, and is considered a separate gemstone.
Sapphires are formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks. They are typically found in primary deposits – the original volcanic or metamorphic rock where they formed – or in secondary deposits, where they have been eroded and transported by water. Historically, sapphires have been sourced from various locations around the world. Sri Lanka has long been a significant source, and continues to produce fine sapphires. Australia is another important source, as is Madagascar.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their durability, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes them exceptionally resistant to scratching and suitable for everyday wear. The gem’s chemical formula is Al₂O₃, and its crystal system is hexagonal.
While color is a primary factor in determining a sapphire’s value, clarity also plays a crucial role. Sapphires often contain inclusions, which can affect their transparency and brilliance. However, some inclusions, such as rutile needles, can create a desirable optical phenomenon called asterism – a star-like effect visible when the stone is cut en cabochon. Certain sapphires, known as “Cornflower blue sapphires,” are particularly prized for their vivid, saturated hue.
A comparison of sapphire’s hardness to other gemstones is shown below:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Talc | 1 |
| Gypsum | 2 |
| Calcite | 3 |
| Fluorite | 4 |
| Apatite | 5 |
| Orthoclase | 6 |
| Quartz | 7 |
| Topaz | 8 |
| Sapphire | 9 |
| Corundum | 9 |
| Diamond | 10 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with a wealth of symbolic meaning. They have traditionally symbolized sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Medieval Europeans believed sapphire possessed healing properties, capable of curing plague boils and diseases of the eye, and even acting as an antidote to poison.
Beyond these historical beliefs, sapphires are also associated with various metaphysical properties. Some believe they promote mental clarity, focus, and wisdom. Others suggest they can enhance intuition and psychic abilities. The stone is also often linked to themes of love, commitment, and spiritual growth.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their exceptional hardness, sapphires are relatively easy to care for. They can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stone. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or heat-treated. Regular cleaning will help maintain the sapphire’s brilliance and luster.
September’s Alternative Birthstone: Moonstone
While sapphire is the primary birthstone for September, moonstone is also historically associated with this month. Moonstone is known for its adularescence, a shimmering optical effect caused by light scattering within the stone’s structure. It is often associated with feminine energy, intuition, and emotional balance. Some sources suggest that moonstone promotes personal growth and encourages new beginnings.
Modern and Traditional Birthstone Lists
The standardization of birthstone lists occurred in the early 20th century, with both modern and traditional lists emerging. While the traditional list remained relatively consistent, the modern list incorporated additional gemstones, offering a wider range of choices. In recent years, spinel was added as a secondary birthstone for August, demonstrating the ongoing evolution of these lists. Individuals today often draw from both lists, selecting the stones that resonate with them personally.
Beyond the Monthly List: Gemstones by Day of the Week
An alternative approach to gemstone selection involves choosing a stone based on the day of the week. This tradition stems from the belief that each day is associated with a specific planet and a corresponding gemstone. For example, wearing a gold topaz on Sunday is believed to harness the Sun’s vibrant energy, while wearing a moonstone or pearl on Monday promotes tranquility.
Conclusion
The September birthstone, sapphire, is a gem of exceptional beauty, durability, and historical significance. From its ancient origins to its modern-day appeal, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its rich symbolism, coupled with its stunning range of colors, makes it a cherished gemstone for those born in September, and a prized possession for gem enthusiasts worldwide. The enduring legacy of sapphire is a testament to its timeless elegance and the enduring power of gemstones to connect us to history, culture, and the natural world.